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<p><b>Жаңа бет</b></p><div>{{coord|46|14|03|N|6|03|10|E|region:CH_type:landmark|display=title}}<br />
{{Infobox Organization<br />
|name=European Organization <br />for Nuclear Research<br/><small>Organisation européenne<br />pour la recherche nucléaire</small><br />
|image = <br />
|caption =<br />
|map = CERN member states.svg<br />
|mcaption = Member states<br />
|headquarters = [[Geneva]], Switzerland<br />
|membership = 20 member states and 7 observers<br />
|leader_title = [[List of Directors General of CERN|Director General]]<br />
|leader_name = [[Rolf-Dieter Heuer]]<br />
|leader_title2 =<br />
|leader_name2 =<br />
|formation = 29 September 1954<ref name="foundation"/><br />
|website = [http://www.cern.ch/ cern.ch]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Еуропалық Ядролық Зерттеулер мекемесі''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire}}; {{lang-en|European Organization for Nuclear Research}}), басқа атаулары '''CERN''' немесе '''Cern''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|s|ɝ|n}}; {{IPA-fr|sɛʁn}}; see [[#History|''History'']]) <br />
<!--is an international organization whose purpose is to operate the world's largest [[particle physics]] laboratory. Established in 1954, the organization is based in the northwest suburbs of [[Geneva]] on the Franco–Swiss border, ({{coord|46|14|3|N|6|3|19|E}}) and has 20 European [[#Member States|member states]].<br />
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The term CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory, which employs just under 2,400 full-time employees, 1,500 part-time employees, and hosts some 10,000 visiting scientists and engineers, representing 608 universities and research facilities and 113 nationalities.<br />
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CERN's main function is to provide the [[particle accelerator]]s and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research - as a result, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN following international collaborations. It is also the birthplace of the [[World Wide Web]]. The main site at [[Meyrin]] has a large computer centre containing powerful data-processing facilities, primarily for experimental data analysis; because of the need to make these facilities available to researchers elsewhere, it has historically been a major [[wide area network]]ing hub.<br />
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==History==<br />
[[File:Cernfounders.png|thumb|230px|left|The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954 {{ref|<ref name="foundation">{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History54-en.html |title=CERN.ch |publisher=Public.web.cern.ch |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref>}} (map borders from 1989)]]<br />
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The convention establishing CERN was ratified on 29&nbsp;September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe.<ref name="foundation"/> The acronym CERN originally stood in French for ''Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire'' (European Council for Nuclear Research), which was a provisional council for setting up the laboratory, established by 12 European governments in 1952. The acronym was retained for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, even though the name changed to the current ''Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire'' (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in 1954.<ref name="cern-name">{{cite web |url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/Name-en.html |title=The Name CERN |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=CERN |accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> According to [[Lew Kowarski]], a former director of CERN, when the name was changed the acronym could have become the awkward OERN, and [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]] said that the acronym could "still be CERN even if the name is [not]".{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}<br />
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Soon after its establishment the work at the laboratory went beyond the study of the [[atomic nucleus]] into higher-energy physics, which is mainly concerned with the study of interactions between [[Subatomic particle|particle]]s. Therefore the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the '''European laboratory for particle physics''' (''Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules'') which better describes the research being performed at CERN.<br />
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===Scientific achievements===<br />
Several important achievements in particle physics have been made during experiments at CERN. They include:<br />
*1973: The discovery of [[neutral current]]s in the [[Gargamelle]] bubble chamber.<ref name="gargamelle">{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History73-en.html |title=CERN.ch |publisher=Public.web.cern.ch |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref><br />
*1983: The discovery of [[W and Z bosons]] in the [[UA1 experiment|UA1]] and [[UA2 experiment]]s.<ref name="wz">{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History83-en.html |title=CERN.ch La |publisher=Public.web.cern.ch |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref><br />
*1989: The determination of the number of light [[neutrino]] families at the [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] (LEP) operating on the Z boson peak.<br />
*1995: The first creation of [[antihydrogen]] atoms in the [[PS210 experiment]].<ref name="antihydrogen">{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History95-en.html |title=CERN.ch |publisher=Public.web.cern.ch |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref><br />
*1999: The discovery of direct [[CP violation]] in the [[NA48 experiment]].<ref name="NA48">{{cite journal |last1=Fanti |first1=V. |title=A new measurement of direct CP violation in two pion decays of the neutral kaon|journal=[[Physics Letters B]] |volume=465 |year=1998 |page=335 |arxiv=hep-ex/9909022 |bibcode = 1999PhLB..465..335F |doi = 10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01030-8 |display-authors=1 |last2=Lai |first2=A. |last3=Marras |first3=D. |last4=Musa |first4=L. |last5=Bevan |first5=A.J. |last6=Gershon |first6=T.J. |last7=Hay |first7=B. |last8=Moore |first8=R.W. |last9=Moore |first9=K.N.}}</ref><br />
*2010: The isolation of 38 atoms of [[antihydrogen]]<ref name="Antihydrogen">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/11/18/switzerland.cern.antimatter/?hpt=Mid |title=Antihydrogen isolation |publisher=CNN | date=18 November 2010}}</ref><br />
*2011: Maintaining [[antihydrogen]] for over 15 minutes<ref>Jonathan Amos [6 June 2011][http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13666892 BBC © 2011] Retrieved 2011-06-06</ref><br />
*2012: A [[boson]] with mass around 125 GeV consistent with long-sought [[Higgs boson]].<ref>http://press.web.cern.ch/press/pressreleases/Releases2012/PR17.12E.html</ref><br />
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The 1984 [[Nobel Prize for Physics|Nobel Prize in physics]] was awarded to [[Carlo Rubbia]] and [[Simon van der Meer]] for the developments that led to the discoveries of the W and Z bosons. The 1992 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to CERN staff researcher [[Georges Charpak]] "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the [[multiwire proportional chamber]]."<br />
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====Computer science====<br />
{{See also|History of the World Wide Web}}<br />
{{Double image|right|First Web Server.jpg|250|Ciscosystemsrouteratcern.jpg|203|This [[NeXT Computer]] used by British scientist [[Sir Tim Berners-Lee]] at CERN became the first [[Web server]].|This [[Cisco Systems]] router at CERN was probably one of the first [[IP router]]s deployed in Europe.{{Citation needed|reason=Because this Cisco router was implemented in 1987 and BBN had earlier IP routers in the UK, this caption needs support.|date=July 2012}}}}<br />
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The [[World Wide Web]] began as a CERN project called [[ENQUIRE]], initiated by [[Tim Berners-Lee]] in 1989 and [[Robert Cailliau]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/About/WebStory-en.html |title=CERN.ch |publisher=Public.web.cern.ch |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref> Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honoured by the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] in 1995 for their contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.<br />
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Based on the concept of [[hypertext]], the project was aimed at facilitating sharing information among researchers. The first website went on-line in 1991. On 30&nbsp;April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. A copy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html |title=W3.org |publisher=W3.org |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref> of [http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html the original first webpage], created by Berners-Lee, is still published on the [[World Wide Web Consortium]]'s website as a historical document.<br />
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Prior to the Web's development, CERN had been a pioneer in the introduction of Internet technology, beginning in the early 1980s. A short history of this period can be found at CERN.ch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cern.ch/ben/TCPHIST.html |title=CERN.ch |publisher=CERN.ch |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref><br />
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More recently, CERN has become a centre for the development of [[grid computing]], hosting projects including the [[Enabling Grids for E-sciencE]] (EGEE) and [[LHC Computing Grid]]. It also hosts the [[CERN Internet Exchange Point]] (CIXP), one of the two main [[internet exchange point]]s in Switzerland.<br />
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===Халықаралық қатынастар===<br />
{{wide image|CERN international relations map.svg|880px|{{legend|#000080|CERN member states: 20 c.}}<br />
{{legend|#7BA800|Accession in progress: 4 c.}}<br />
{{legend|#E5CA20|Declared intent to join: 2 c.}}<br />
{{legend|#FF6600|Observers: 4 c. + EU, Turkey}}<br />
{{legend|#FF0000|Cooperation agreement: 35 c. + Slovenia, Cyprus}}<br />
{{legend|#FF8080|Scientific contacts: 19 c.}}|alt=A world map highlighting the nature of relations of nations with CERN.}}<br />
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==Сілттемелер==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
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==Сыртқы сілттемелер==<br />
{{commons|CERN}}<br />
* [http://press.web.cern.ch/public/Welcome.html Ресми вебсайты]<br />
* [http://www.cern.ch көпщілік веб сайт]<br />
* [http://www.economist.com/science/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Story_ID=2535917 ''CERN at 50'']<br />
* [http://cerncourier.com CERN Courier – International journal of high-energy physics]<br />
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