IP адрес бетінің бастапқы мәтінін қарау


'''IP адрес''' ({{lang-en|Internet Protocol address}}) - [[Интернет]] [[протокол]] [[адрес]]і бұл әр құралға (компьютер, принтер және т.б.) жеке-дара бекітілген нөмірлі белгі, бұл құралдар компьютер желісінде өзара қарым қатынас жасау үшін Интернет протоколын қолданады.

<!--  a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a [[computer network]] that uses the [[Internet Protocol]] for communication.<ref name=rfc760>RFC 760, ''DOD Standard Internet Protocol'' (January 1980)</ref> An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface [[Identification (information)|identification]] and location [[logical address|addressing]]. Its role has been characterized as follows: "''A [[hostname|name]] indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.''"<ref name=rfc791>RFC 791, ''Internet Protocol – DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification'' (September 1981)</ref>

The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a [[32-bit]] number<ref name=rfc760 /> and this system, known as [[IPv4|Internet Protocol Version 4]] (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the [[Internet]] and the predicted [[IPv4 address exhaustion|depletion of available addresses]], a new version of IP ([[IPv6]]), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995.<ref name=rfc1883>RFC 1883, ''Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification'', S. Deering, R. Hinden (December 1995)</ref> IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998,<ref name =rfc2460>RFC 2460, ''Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification'', S. Deering, R. Hinden, The Internet Society (December 1998)</ref> and its [[IPv6 deployment|deployment]] has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.

IP addresses are [[binary number]]s, but they are usually stored in text files and displayed in [[human-readable]] notations, such as 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6).

The [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally and delegates five [[regional Internet registries]] (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to [[local Internet registry|local Internet registries]] ([[Internet service provider]]s) and other entities.

==IP versions==
Two versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) are in use: IP Version 4 and IP Version 6.   Each version defines an IP address differently.  Because of its prevalence, the generic term ''IP address'' typically still refers to the addresses defined by [[IPv4]]. The gap in version sequence between IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of number 5 to the experimental [[Internet Stream Protocol]] in 1979, which however was never referred to as IPv5.

===IPv4 addresses===
{{Main|IPv4#Addressing}}
[[Image:Ipv4 address.svg|right|300px|thumb|Decomposition of an IPv4 address from [[dot-decimal notation]] to its binary value.]]
In IPv4 an address consists of 32 [[bit]]s which limits the [[address space]] to {{gaps|4|294|967|296}} (2<sup>32</sup>) possible unique addresses. IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as [[private network]]s (~18 million addresses) or [[multicast address]]es (~270 million addresses).

IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in [[dot-decimal notation]], which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1.  Each part represents a group of 8 bits ([[Octet (computing)|octet]]) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various [[hexadecimal]], [[octal]], or [[binary numeral system|binary]] representations.

====IPv4 subnetting====
In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol,<ref name=rfc760/> network administrators interpreted an IP address in two parts: network number portion and host number portion. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) in an address was designated as the ''network number'' and the remaining bits were called the ''rest field'' or ''host identifier'' and were used for host numbering within a network.

This early method soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent of the existing networks already designated by a network number. In 1981, the Internet addressing specification was revised with the introduction of [[classful network]] architecture.<ref name=rfc791/>

Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained [[subnetwork]] design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the ''class'' of the address. Three classes (''A'', ''B'', and ''C'') were defined for universal [[unicast]] addressing. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes (''B'' and ''C'').
The following table gives an overview of this now obsolete system.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|+ Historical classful network architecture
|-
! Class
! Leading bits in address (binary)
! Range of first octet (decimal)
! Network ID format
! Host ID format
! Number of networks
! Number of addresses per network
|-
! A
| 0
| 0–127
| a
| b.c.d
| 2<sup>7</sup> = 128
| 2<sup>24</sup> = {{gaps|16|777|216}}
|-
! B
| 10
| 128–191
| a.b
| c.d
| 2<sup>14</sup> = {{gaps|16|384}}
| 2<sup>16</sup> = {{gaps|65|536}}
|-
! C
| 110
| 192–223
| a.b.c
| d
| 2<sup>21</sup> = {{gaps|2|097|152}}
| 2<sup>8</sup> = 256
|}

Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but it lacked [[scalability]] in the face of the rapid expansion of the network in the 1990s. The class system of the address space was replaced with [[Classless Inter-Domain Routing]] (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes.

Today, remnants of classful network concepts function only in a limited scope as the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.g. netmask), and in the technical jargon used in network administrators' discussions.

====IPv4 private addresses====
Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be uniquely assigned to a particular computer or device. However, it was found that this was not always necessary as [[private network]]s developed and public address space needed to be conserved.

Computers not connected to the Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other via TCP/IP, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Three ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks were reserved in RFC 1918. These addresses are not routed on the Internet and thus their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry.

Today, when needed, such private networks typically connect to the Internet through [[network address translation]] (NAT).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ IANA-reserved private IPv4 network ranges
|-
!
! Start
! End
! No. of addresses
|-
| 24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 × A)
| 10.0.0.0
| 10.255.255.255
| {{gaps|16|777|216}}
|-
| 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 × B)
| 172.16.0.0
| 172.31.255.255
| {{gaps|1|048|576}}
|-
| 16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 × C)
| 192.168.0.0
| 192.168.255.255
| {{gaps|65|536}}
|-
|}

Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block into [[subnetwork|subnets]]; for example, many [[residential gateway|home routers]] automatically use a default address range of 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24).

===IPv4 address exhaustion===
[[IPv4 address exhaustion]] is the decreasing supply of unallocated [[IPv4|Internet Protocol Version 4]] (IPv4) addresses available at the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) and  the [[Regional Internet registry|regional Internet registries]] (RIRs) for assignment to end users and [[local Internet registry|local Internet registries]], such as [[Internet service providers]]. IANA's primary [[address pool]] was exhausted on 3 February 2011, when the last 5 blocks were allocated to the 5 RIRs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nro.net/news/ipv4-free-pool-depleted|title=Free Pool of IPv4 Address Space Depleted|last=Smith|first=Lucie|coauthors=Lipner, Ian|date=3 February 2011|publisher=[[Regional Internet registry#Number_Resource_Organization|Number Resource Organization]]|accessdate=3 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2011-February/032107.html |title=Five /8s allocated to RIRs – no unallocated IPv4 unicast /8s remain | author=ICANN,nanog mailing list}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre|APNIC]] was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6, intended to be allocated in a restricted process.<ref>{{cite web|title=APNIC IPv4 Address Pool Reaches Final /8|url=http://www.apnic.net/publications/news/2011/final-8|accessdate=15 April 2011|author=Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre|date=15 April 2011}}</ref>

===IPv6 addresses===
{{Main|IPv6 address}}
[[Image:Ipv6 address.svg|right|300px|thumb|Decomposition of an IPv6 address from [[hexadecimal]] representation to its binary value.]]
The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space, despite conservation techniques, prompted the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the Internet's addressing capability. The permanent solution was deemed to be a redesign of the Internet Protocol itself. This next generation of the Internet Protocol, intended to replace IPv4 on the Internet, was eventually named ''[[IPv6|Internet Protocol Version 6]]'' (IPv6) in 1995.<ref name=rfc1883/><ref name=rfc2460/> The address size was increased from 32 to 128 [[bit]]s or 16 [[Octet (computing)|octet]]s.  This, even with a generous assignment of network blocks, is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future. Mathematically, the new address space provides the potential for a maximum of 2<sup>128</sup>, or about {{val|3.403|e=38}} unique addresses.
-->
==Статикалық IP адрес==
'''Статикалық IP адресі''' ({{lang-en|Static IP address}}) — erep [[компьютер]] әрбір желіге қосылған сайын оған қызмет ететін провайдер компаниясы бір ғана адрес тағайындап беріп отырса, онда ол адрес статикалық IP адресі болып саналады.<ref>Қазақ тілі терминдерінің салалық ғылыми түсіндірме сөздігі:Информатика және компьютерлік техника/ Жалпы редакциясын басқарған – түсіндірме сөздіктер топтамасын шығару жөніндегі ғылыми-баспа бағдаламасының ғылыми жетекшісі, педагогика ғылымдарының докторы, профессор, Қазақстан Республикасы Мемлекеттік сыйлығының лауреаты А.Қ.Құсайынов.
 – Алматы: «Мектеп» баспасы» ЖАҚ, 2002. – 456 бет. ISBN 5-7667-8284-5</ref>

==Дереккөздер==
<references/>
== Сілтеме ==
* [http://www.linux.org.ru/books/HOWTO/IP-Subnetworking-HOWTO.html Подсетевые адреса (Mini-Howto)(рус)]
* [http://www.subnet-calculator.com IP Subnet Calculator]

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[[Санат:Ақпараттану]]
[[Санат:Компьютерлік техника]]


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