Цюрих Швейцария жоғарғы техникалық мектебі бетінің бастапқы мәтінін қарау

{{Университет
 |Аты                   = Цюрих Швейцария жоғарғы техникалық мектебі
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 |Құрылған жылы         = 1855
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 |Түрі                  = [[Көпшілік университет]]
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 |Фио лауазымы          = 
 |Президенті            = Ральф Айхлер
 |Ғылыми жетекшісі      = 
 |Ректоры               = Heidi Wunderli-Allenspach
 |Студенттер            = 17,187 [http://www.ethz.ch/about/bginfos/index_EN]
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 |Мекенжайы             = [[Цюрих]], [[Кантон]], Швейцария
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|affiliations= [[CESAER Association|CESAER]], [[IDEA League]], [[International Alliance of Research Universities|IARU]], [[Top Industrial Managers for Europe|TIME]]
}}

'''Цюрих Швейцария жоғарғы техникалық мектебі''' ({{lang-de|Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich}}) Швейцарияның Цюрих қаласында орналасқан инженерлік, ғылым, технология, математика және менеджмент университеті.
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Like its sister institution [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (EPFL), it is an integral part of the [[ETH Domain]] that is directly subordinate to Switzerland's [[Federal Department of Home Affairs]].

ETH Zurich is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world. It is considered the best university in continental Europe by the Shanghai Ranking [[ARWU]], the [[Times Higher Education]] Ranking<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/ "Times Higher Education World University Ranking"]</ref> and the [[QS World University Ranking]]. It is currently ranked 7th best university in the world in engineering, science and technology. Twenty-one [[Nobel Prize]]s have been awarded to students or professors of the Institute in the past, the most famous of is [[Albert Einstein]] in 1921, and the most recent is [[Richard F. Heck]] in 2010.
It is a founding member of the [[IDEA League]] and the [[International Alliance of Research Universities|International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU)]]. It is a member of the [[CESAER Association|CESAER]] and [[Top Industrial Managers for Europe]] networks.

The school was founded by the [[Swiss Federal Government]] in 1854 with the stated mission to educate engineers and scientists, serve as a national center of excellence in science and technology and provide a hub for interaction between the scientific community and industry.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}
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==Тарихы==
[[File:Hundert Jahre Bilder aus der Stadt Zürich - Das Polytechnikum 1865.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Политехникум'' 1865-жыл]]
[[File:ETH Zentrum.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Цюрих Швейцария жоғарғы техникалық мектебі Центрум]]
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ETH was founded in 1854 by the [[Switzerland|Swiss Confederation]] and opened its doors in 1855 as a polytechnic institute (''Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule''). It comprised in the beginning six departments: [[architecture]], [[civil engineering]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[chemistry]], [[forestry]], and a catch-all department for [[mathematics]], natural sciences, literature, and social and [[political science]]s.
It is locally still known as ''Poly'', derived from the original name ''Eidgenössisches Polytechnikum'' "Federal Polytechnic Institute".

ETH is a ''federal'' institute (i.e., under direct administration by the Swiss government), whereas the [[University of Zurich]] is a ''[[cantons of Switzerland|cantonal]]'' institution. The decision for a new federal university was heavily disputed at the time, because the liberals pressed for a "federal university", while the conservative forces wanted all universities to remain under cantonal control, with the goal of giving liberal thoughts no refuge.{{citation needed|date=April 2011}} In the beginning, both universities were co&ndash;located in the buildings of the University of Zurich.

In 1909, the course program of ETH was restructured to that of a real university, from its early, very schoolish agenda, and ETH was granted the right to award doctorates. In 1911, it was given its current name, ''Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule''. In 1924, another reorganization structured the university in 12 departments. However, it now has 16 departments.
[[File:ETH Interior.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Interior skylights in the main building]]

Since 1993 ETH Zurich, the EPFL, and four associated research institutes were joined and administered together as the "''ETH Domain''".
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== Факультеттер ==
* [[Архитектура]] және құрылыс ғылымдары
* [[Инженерлік ғылым]]дар
* [[Жаратылыс ғылым]]дары және [[математика]]
* Жүйеге есептелген қоғамдық ғылымдар 
* [[Менеджмент]] және [[қоғамдық ғылым]]дар

== Белгілі түлектер мен оқытушылар ==
* [[Крамер, Карл Эдуард]] — жалпы биология профессоры
* [[Вильгельм Конрад Рёнтген]] — 1901 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Шарль Эдуар Гийом]] — 1920 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Альфред Вернер]] — 1913 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Фриц Габер]] — 1918 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Нильс Густав Дален]] — 1912 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Рихард Мартин Вильштеттер]] — 1915 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Альберт Эйнштейн]] — 1921 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Герман Штаудингер]] — 1953 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Петер Дебай]] — 1936 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Леопольд Ружичка]] — 1939 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Отто Штерн]] — 1943 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Тадеуш Рейхштейн]] — лауреат Нобелевской премии по медицине 1950 ж..
* [[Вольфганг Паули]] — 1945 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Рихард Кун]] — 1938 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Феликс Блох]] — 1952 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Владимир Прелог]] — 1975 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты
* [[Вернер фон Браун]] — конструктор первой в мире баллистической ракеты [[Фау-2|«Фау-2»]].
* [[Карл Александр Мюллер]] — 1987 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Вернер Арбер]] — лауреат Нобелевской премии по медицине 1978 ж..
* [[Генрих Рорер]] — 1986 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Рихард Эрнст]] — 1991 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты
* [[Никлаус Вирт]] — один из известнейших теоретиков в области разработки языков программирования, лауреат [[Премия Тьюринга|премии Тьюринга]]([[1984]])
* [[Курт Вютрих]] — 2002 жылғы химиядан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты
* [[Йоханнес Георг Беднорц]] — 1987 жылғы физикадан Нобель сыйлығы лауреаты.
* [[Сантьяго Калатрава]] — архитектор және инженер.
* [[Корине Маух]] — Цюрих қалысының мэрі.
* [[Морозов, Иван Абрамович]] — мәскелік кәсіпкер, сатып алушы, коллекционер.

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==Reputation==
ETH Zurich is regularly ranked among the top universities in the world. Typically, popular [[College and university rankings|rankings]] place the institution as the best university in Switzerland and on the main European continent, among the top 3-5 European universities, and among the best 15-20 of the world (e.g., in 2010, rank 15 in the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]] ranking and rank 23 in the 2011 Shanghai ranking, see [http://www.universityrankings.ch/en Ranking Overview]).

Historically, ETH Zurich has achieved its reputation particularly in the fields of [[chemistry]], [[mathematics]] and [[physics]]. There are 21 [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel Laureate]]s who are associated with ETH. The most recent Nobel Laureate is [[Richard F. Heck]] who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] in chemistry in 2010. Albert Einstein is perhaps its most famous alumnus. Other distinguished alumni include [[Har Gobind Khorana]] and [[John Von Neumann]].

In a comparison of Swiss universities by [http://rankingswissup.ch/ swissUP Ranking] and in rankings published by [http://www.che.de CHE] comparing the universities of German-speaking countries, ETH Zurich traditionally is ranked first in natural sciences, computer science and engineering sciences.

In the survey [http://www.excellenceranking.org CHE ExcellenceRanking] on the quality of Western European graduate school programmes in the fields biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics, ETH was assessed as one of the three institutions to have excellent graduate programmes in all considered fields, the other two being the [[Imperial College London]] and the [[University of Cambridge]]. To support its cutting edge research, ETH Zurich has a budget of 1.36 billion CHF (approx. 1.72 billion USD) in the year 2011.

In 2011 the [[QS World University Rankings]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2011|title=QS World University Rankings 2011/12|accessdate=September 2011}}</ref> placed ETH Zurich at 18th overall in the world, and 1st in mainland Europe, while only four UK universities performed better than it in Europe. In the 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ETH Zurich ranked 15th overall, 7th in the field of '''Engineering & IT''' and 11th in '''Physical Sciences'''.

According to the 2011 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] (ARWU), the ETH is ranked 23rd in the world, the 4th best university in Europe, and 1st in Switzerland. It is also ranked 5th in the field of Chemistry and 9th in the broad subject field of Natural Sciences and Mathematics worldwide.<ref>[http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2011.html] {{En icon}}</ref>

==Admission and education==
{{ETH Institutes}}
[[File:ETH Dome.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Students and locals in ETH front courtyard]]
ETH is not selective in its undergraduate admission procedures. Like every public university in Switzerland, ETH is obliged to grant admission to every Swiss citizen who took the ''[[Matura]]''. It also grants entry to foreign students with certain qualifications, such as [[A-Levels]] with [[GCSE]], but only in specific combinations. Most applicants from foreign countries are required to take either the ''reduced entrance exam'' or the ''comprehensive entrance exam''; an applicant can be admitted to ETH even without any verifiable educational records by passing the ''comprehensive entrance exam''.<ref>[http://www.rektorat.ethz.ch/students/admission/bachelor/foreign_qual/requirements_EN "Entry for international students"] {{De icon}}</ref>

There are no obligatory examinations during the first academic year which is divided into two semesters.
However, the actual selection process takes place in the summer shortly after the second semester. Students have to pass the block examinations of courses of the first year, called the ''Basisprüfung''. If the weighted average score is not sufficient, you are required to retake the entire ''Basisprüfung'' which usually means that you have to resit through the first year. About 50% of the students fail the ''Basisprüfung'' on first try and many of them choose to drop out after the failure.
The structure of examinations in higher academic years is similar to the ''Basisprüfung'' (Basis examination), but with a higher success rate.
The regular time to reach graduation is six semesters for the [[Bachelor of Science]] degree and three further semesters for the [[Master of Science]] degree. The last semester is dedicated to writing a thesis.

Education at ETH tends to be theoretically oriented with a high amount of [[mathematics]] involved throughout the courses. The main language of instruction in undergraduate (Bachelor) studies is German and English, while most Master's programmes and doctoral study are in English.

==Campus==
[[File:ETH-Hoenggerberg-2008.jpg|thumb|320px|ETH Hönggerberg with the new HIT building]]
ETH Zurich has two campuses. The main building was constructed in the 1860s in the heart of the city. As the university grew, it spread into the surrounding quarters. As a result, the ''Zentrum'' campus consists of various buildings and institutions throughout Zurich and firmly integrates the ETH in the city. The main building stands directly across the street from the University of Zurich.

Because this geographic situation substantially hindered the expansion of ETH, a new campus was built from 1964 to 1976 on the ''[[Hönggerberg]]'' in the outskirts of the city. The last major expansion project of this new campus was completed in 2003; since then, the ''Hönggerberg'' location houses the departments of [[materials science]], [[architecture]], [[civil engineering]], [[physics]], [[biology]], and [[chemistry]].

===Main building===
[[File:Zürich - ETH-Hauptgebäude IMG 0400 ShiftN.jpg|thumb|Main building as seen from ''Polyterasse'']]
The main building of ETH was built 1861 to 1864 under [[Gustav Zeuner]]; the architect, however, was [[Gottfried Semper]], who was a professor of architecture at ETH at the time and one of the most important writers and theorists of the age.  Semper worked in a [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical style]] that was unique to him. It emphasized bold and clear massings with a detailing, such as the rusticated ground level and giant order above, that derived in part from the work of [[Andrea Palladio]] and [[Donato Bramante]]. During the construction of the University of Zurich, the south wing of the building was allocated to the University until its own new main building was constructed (1912 &ndash; 1914). At about the same time, Semper's ETH building was enlarged and also got its impressive [[cupola]].

===Science City===
In the year of ETH's 150th anniversary, an extensive project called "Science City" for the Hönggerberg Campus has begun with the goal to transform the campus into an attractive district based on the principle of sustainability.
[[File:ETH Hönggerberg Frontansicht.JPG|700px|center|thumb|ETH Hönggerberg from the south, looking at the five "fingers" of the HCI and behind the high HPP building.]]

==Student life==
ETH students were found to be the busiest students of all institutions of higher education in Switzerland.<ref>[http://www.students.ch/page_news_article.php?typ=157&id=2382 "Willkommen auf Students.ch"] {{De icon}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2009}}</ref> The undergraduates' tight curriculum consists of as much as twice the number of lectures as comparable courses of other Swiss universities.{{citation needed|date=April 2011}}

ETH has well over 100 student associations. Most notable is the [[VSETH]] (''Verband der Studierenden an der ETH'') which comprises all department associations. The associations regularly organize events with varying size and popularity. Events of the neighboring University of Zurich are well-attended by ETH students and vice versa. The VSETH organizes events of greater public attention, such as the ''Polyball'', the ''Polyparty'' (does not exist any more) and the ''Erstsemestrigenfest'', the first two housed in the main building of ETH. Sometimes, the annual ''Erstsemestrigenfest'' takes place at extraordinary locations, for example the [[Zurich Airport]]. All freshmen enjoy special treatment at that event.

ETH's junior enterprise ETH juniors ranks top 5 within Europe. ETH juniors<ref>[http://www.ethjuniors.ch ETH juniors]</ref> is a student association that offers consulting services to companies and gives ETH students a chance to gain work and project experience next to their studies.

The Academic Sports Association of Zurich (ASVZ) offers more than 80 sports. The biggest annual sports event is the ''SOLA-Stafette'' (SOLA relay race) which consists of 14 sections over a total distance of 140 kilometers. More than 760 teams participated in the 2009 edition.<ref>[http://portal.asvz.ethz.ch/news/Seiten/SOLA09.aspx SOLA-Stafette 2009]</ref>

==Traditions==
The annual Polyball is the most prestigious public event at ETH, with a long tradition since the 1880s. The end of November, the ''Polyball'' welcomes around 10,000 dancers, music-lovers and party animals in the extensively decorated main building of ETH. The ''Polyball'' is the biggest decorated ball in Europe.

The amicable rivalry between ETH and the neighbouring University of Zurich has been cultivated since 1951 (Uni-Poly). There has been an annual [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] match between teams from the two institutions on the river [[Limmat]].

There are many regular symposia and conferences at ETH, most notably the annual ''Wolfgang Pauli Lectures'', in honor of former ETH Professor [[Wolfgang Pauli]]. Distinct lecturers, among them 24 [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel Laureate]]s, have held lectures of the various fields of [[natural science]]s at this conference since 1962.

== Notable alumni and faculty ==
{{Main|List of ETH Zurich people}}
[[File:Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 2.jpg|thumb|[[Albert Einstein]], 1921]]
[[file:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif|thumb|[[John von Neumann]], graduated in chemical engineering, ETH Zurich 1925.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web|author=Ed Regis|title=Johnny Jiggles the Planet|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D91239F93BA35752C1A964958260|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1992-11-08|accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref>]] 
The names listed below are taken from the official record compiled by the ETH. It includes only graduates of the ETH and professors who have been awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for their achievements at ETH.<ref>[http://www.ethz.ch/about/bginfos/nobelprize ETH Nobel Prize list]</ref>

===Nobel Prize in Physics===
* 1901 [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] (graduate)
* 1920 [[Charles-Edouard Guillaume]] (graduate)
* 1921 [[Albert Einstein]] (graduate and professor)
* 1943 [[Otto Stern]] (lecturer)
* 1945 [[Wolfgang Pauli]] (professor)
* 1952 [[Felix Bloch]] (graduate)
* 1986 [[Heinrich Rohrer]] (graduate)
* 1987 [[Georg Bednorz]] (graduate)
* 1987 [[Karl Alexander Müller]] (graduate)

===Nobel Prize in Chemistry===
* 1913 [[Alfred Werner]] (graduate)
* 1915 [[Richard Martin Willstätter]] (professor)
* 1918 [[Fritz Haber]] (graduate)
* 1936 [[Peter Debye]] (professor)
* 1938 [[Richard Kuhn]] (professor)
* 1939 [[Leopold Ruzicka]] (professor)
* 1953 [[Hermann Staudinger]] (lecturer)
* 1975 [[Vladimir Prelog]] (professor)
* 1991 [[Richard R. Ernst|Richard Ernst]] (graduate & professor)
* 2002 [[Kurt Wüthrich]] (professor)

===Nobel Prize in Medicine===
* 1978 [[Werner Arber]] (graduate)
* 1950 [[Tadeus Reichstein]] (graduate)

Other [[Nobel Laureates]] directly affiliated with the ETH include
* 1912 [[Nils Gustaf Dalen]] (working with [[Aurel Stodola]])
* 1943 [[George de Hevesy]]
* 1945 [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] (working with [[Georg Wiegner]])
* 1954 [[Max Born]] (working with [[Adolf Hurwitz]])
* 1964 [[Konrad E. Bloch]] (working with [[Leopold Ruzicka]] and [[Vladimir Prelog]])
* 1968 [[Lars Onsager]] (working with [[Peter Debye]] and [[Erich Hückel]])
* 1968 [[Har Gobind Khorana]] (working with [[Vladimir Prelog]])
* 1969 [[Max Delbrück]] (working with [[Wolfgang Pauli]])
* 1987 [[Jean-Marie Lehn]]

ETH Zurich has produced and attracted many famous scientists in its short history, including Albert Einstein. More than twenty Nobel laureates have either studied at ETH or were awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for their work achieved at ETH. Other alumni include scientists who were distinguished with the highest honours in their respective fields, amongst them [[Pritzker Prize]] and [[Turing Award]] winners. Academic achievements aside, ETH has been Alma Mater to many Olympic Medalists and world champions.
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== Галлерея ==
<gallery widths="300px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Panorama eth-hit-interieur.jpg|ETH HIT ғимараттарының ішкі көрінісі
File:Panorama eth-hpt-tree.jpg|Қысқы уақыттағы ETH HPT ағашы
File:Panorama ETH HIT F21.jpg|ETH HIT F 21 Семинар бөлмесі
File:ETH-HIL-HIP-HIT.jpg|ETH HIL, HIP, және HIT ғимараттары
File:Panorama ETH-HPS.jpg|ETH HPS ғимараты

</gallery>
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==Main Polytechnics in Europe==
* [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]], Switzerland
* [[École Polytechnique]], France
* [[Politecnico di Milano]], Italy
* [[Politecnico di Torino]], Italy

==See also==
{{Portalbox|Switzerland|University}}
* [[Laboratory for Energy Conversion]]
* [[List of largest universities by enrollment in Switzerland]]
* [[Science and technology in Switzerland]]
* [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne- EPFL).
* [[:Category:ETH Zurich alumni]]
* [[:Category:ETH Zurich faculty]]
*[[Walt Disney Research]]
* [[List of universities in Switzerland]]
* [[List of forestry universities and colleges]]
* [[2000-watt society]]
* [[serec]] (Swiss Electromagnetics Research & Engineering Centre)
* [[myScience|myScience.ch - The Swiss Portal for Research and Innovation]]
* [[e-rara.ch]]
-->

== Сілттемелер ==
{{Reflist}}

==Сыртқы сілттемелер==
* [http://www.ethz.ch/index_EN Ресми торап]

[[Санат:Швейцария жоғарғы оқу орындары]]