Калифорния Технология Институты бетінің бастапқы мәтінін қарау

{{Университет
 |Аты                   = Калифорния Технология Институты
 |Қысқартылған аты      = 
 |Эмблемасы             = Caltech logo.svg
 |Сурет                 = 
 |Шынайы аты            = 
 |Халықаралық атауы     = 
 |Бұрынғы атауы         = 
 |Ұраны                 = "The truth shall make you free"<ref>The motto is largely unused since 1990, when the logo displaying it was replaced by the Centennial logo.</ref>
 |Құрылған жылы         = 1891
 |Жабылған жылы         =
 |Қайта құрылған        =
 |Қайта құрылған жылы   =
 |Түрі                  = Жеке меншік
 |Басшының лауазымы     = 
 |Фио лауазымы          = 
 |Президенті            = 
 |Ғылыми жетекшісі      = 
 |Ректоры               = 
 |Студенттер            = 
 |Шетел студенттері     = 
 |Мамандар              = 
 |Бакалавриат           = 
 |Магистратура          = 
 |Аспирантура           = 
 |Докторантура          = 
 |Ғылым доктары         = 
 |Профессоры            = 
 |Оқытушылар            = 
 |Орналасқан жері       = 
 |Метро бекеті          = 
 |Кампус                = 
 |Мекенжайы             = 
 |Сайты                 =  [http://www.caltech.edu/ caltech.edu]
 |Марапаттары           = 
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 |lon_dir =  |lon_deg =  |lon_min =  |lon_sec = 
 |CoordScale            = 
 |edu_region            = 
|calendar = Quarter
|president = [[Jean-Lou Chameau]]
|city = [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]]
|state = California
|country = U.S.
|undergrad = 978<ref name="enrollment">{{cite web|url=http://www.registrar.caltech.edu/statistics.htm |title=Caltech Office of the Registrar Enrollment Statistics|accessdate=December 15, 2010 }}</ref>
|postgrad = 1253<ref name="enrollment"/>
|students = 2231<ref name="enrollment"/>
|faculty = 294 professorial faculty<br /> 1207 other faculty<ref name="at a glance">{{cite web|url=http://www.caltech.edu/at-a-glance/ |title=Caltech: At a Glance |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=February 9, 2011}}</ref>
|campus = Suburban, {{convert|124|acre|ha}}
|endowment= US$1.77 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]<ref name="endowment">As of FY 2011. {{Cite web | title = U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2011 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2010 to FY 2011| work = 2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments | publisher = National Association of College and University Business Officers | url = http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2011_NCSE_Public_Tables_Endowment_Market_Values_Final_January_17_2012.pdf| format = PDF | accessdate =February 25, 2012}}</ref>
|athletics = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]]
|colors = Orange and White {{color box|#FF6600}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}
|mascot = [[Beaver]]
}}

'''Калифорния Технология Институты''' (көпшілік атауы '''Калтеk''', '''Caltech''') АҚШтың Паcадена қаласы, Калифорния штатында орналасқан жеке меншік зерттеу университеті. Калтех алты академиялық бөлімнен тұрады, әр бөлімше ғылым мен технологияға жеке дара өте қатты ден қойюда. Университет Калифорнияның Лос Анжелес қаласына жақын аймақта.
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Although founded as a preparatory and vocational school by [[Amos G. Throop]] in 1891, the college attracted influential scientists such as [[George Ellery Hale]], [[Arthur Amos Noyes]], and [[Robert Andrews Millikan]] in the early 20th century. The vocational and preparatory schools were disbanded and spun off in 1910, and the college assumed its present name in 1921. In 1934, Caltech was elected to the [[Association of American Universities]], and the antecedents of [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], which Caltech continues to manage and operate, were established between 1936 and 1943 under [[Theodore von Kármán]].<ref name="aau">{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |title=Member Institutions |publisher=American Association of Universities |accessdate=May 29, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jplhistory/early/ |title=Early History |publisher=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory |accessdate=May 29, 2010}}</ref>

Despite its small size, 31 Caltech alumni and faculty have won the Nobel Prize and 66&nbsp;have won the [[National Medal of Science]] or [[National Medal of Technology|Technology]].<ref name="at a glance"/> There are 109 faculty members who have been elected to the [[United States National Academies|National Academies]]. In addition, numerous faculty members are associated with the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] as well as [[NASA]].<ref name="at a glance"/> Caltech managed $332&nbsp;million in sponsored research and $1.77&nbsp;billion for its endowment in 2011.<ref name="endowment"/><ref name="overview">{{cite web|url=http://marcomm.caltech.edu/pdf/Caltech_Overview_2010_2011.pdf |title=Caltech Overview 2010–2011 |publisher=Caltech Office of Marketing and Communications |accessdate=March 8, 2011}}</ref> Caltech was ranked first in the 2011–2012 [[Times Higher Education]] worldwide rankings of universities as well as ranking first in [[physical science]] and engineering.<ref>http://tech.caltech.edu/?p=1853</ref> It also has a long standing rivalry with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT).

First year students are required to live on campus and 95% of undergraduates remain in the on-campus [[House System at Caltech|house system]]. Although Caltech has a strong tradition of practical jokes and pranks,<ref name="geek pranks">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1839579_1839578_1839524,00.html |title=The Biggest Pranks in Geek History |journal=Time |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Laura |date=September 8, 2008}}</ref> student life is governed by an honor code which allows faculty to assign [[Final_examination#Take-home_finals|take-home examinations]]. The Caltech Beavers compete in 13 intercollegiate sports in the [[NCAA]] [[Division III (NCAA)|Division III]]'s [[Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]].

== History ==
===Throop College===
[[Image:Throop Polytechnic Institute, Pasadena, Calif.jpg|thumb|290px|left|Throop Polytechnic Institute, Pasadena, Calif, 1908, on its original campus at downtown Pasadena.]]
Caltech began as a [[vocational school]] founded in Pasadena in 1891 by local businessman and politician [[Amos G. Throop]]. The school was known successively as '''Throop University''', '''Throop Polytechnic Institute''', and '''Throop College of Technology''', before acquiring its current name in 1920.<ref name="overview"/><ref name="incorporation">{{Cite web|url=http://bot.caltech.edu/articles |title=Articles of Incorporation |publisher=Board of Trustees, California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 29, 2010}}</ref> The vocational school was disbanded and the preparatory program was split off to form an independent [[Polytechnic School]] in 1907.

At a time when scientific research in the United States was still in its infancy, [[George Ellery Hale]], a solar astronomer from the [[University of Chicago]], founded the [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] in 1904. He joined Throop's board of trustees in 1907, and soon began developing it and the whole of Pasadena into a major scientific and cultural destination. He engineered the appointment of [[James Augustin Brown Scherer|James A. B. Scherer]], a literary scholar untutored in science but a capable administrator and fund raiser, to Throop's presidency in 1908. Scherer persuaded retired businessman and trustee Charles W. Gates to donate $25,000 in seed money to build Gates Laboratory, the first science building on campus.<ref name="gates lab">{{cite book|last=Goodstein|first=Judith R.|title=Milikan's School: A History of the California Institute of Technology|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|location=New York|year=1991|pages=51–63|chapter=Preamble to a Technical School|isbn=0-393-03017-2}}</ref>

===World Wars===
[[Image:CalTech-1912.jpg|thumb|right|Throop Hall, 1912]]
In 1910, Throop moved to its current site. Arther Fleming donated the land for the permanent campus site. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] delivered an address at Throop Institute on March 21, 1911, and he declared:

<blockquote>
I want to see institutions like Throop turn out perhaps ninety-nine of every hundred students as men who are to do given pieces of industrial work better than any one else can do them; I want to see those men do the kind of work that is now being done on the [[Panama Canal]] and on the great irrigation projects in the interior of this country—and the one-hundredth man I want to see with the kind of cultural scientific training that will make him and his fellows the matrix out of which you can occasionally develop a man like your great astronomer, George Ellery Hale.<ref name="Caltech Catalog">{{cite web|url=http://catalog.caltech.edu/pdf/catalog_10_11.pdf |title=Caltech Catalog |publisher=Caltech |accessdate=May 28, 2011}}</ref>
</blockquote>

In the same year, a bill was introduced in the [[California Legislature]] calling for the establishment of a publicly funded "California Institute of Technology," with an initial budget of a million dollars, ten times the budget of Throop at the time. The board of trustees offered to turn Throop over to the state, but the presidents of [[Stanford University]] and the [[University of California]] successfully lobbied to defeat the bill, which allowed Throop to develop as the only scientific research-oriented education institute in southern California, public or private, until the onset of the World War II necessitated the broader development of research-based science education.<ref name="The Dream Endures">{{cite book|last=Starr|first=Kevin|title=The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|year=1997|pages=74–77|chapter=Unto the Stars Themselves, Astronomy and the Pasadena Perspective|isbn=0-19-515797-4}}</ref> The promise of Throop attracted [[physical chemistry|physical chemist]] [[Arthur Amos Noyes]] from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] to develop the institution and assist in establishing it as a center for science and technology.

With the onset of World War I, Hale organized the [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]] to coordinate and support scientific work on military problems. While he supported the idea of federal appropriations for science, he took exception to a federal bill that would have funded engineering research at land-grant colleges, and instead sought to raise a $1 million national research fund entirely from private sources. To that end, as Hale wrote in the [[New York Times]]:

<blockquote>
Throop College of Technology, in Pasadena California has recently afforded a striking illustration of one way in which the Research Council can secure co-operation and advance scientific investigation. This institution, with its able investigators and excellent research laboratories, could be of great service in any broad scheme of cooperation. President Scherer, hearing of the formation of the council, immediately offered to take part in its work, and with this object, he secured within three days an additional research endowment of one hundred thousand dollars.<ref name="NRC">{{cite book|last=Goodstein|first=Judith R.|title=Milikan's School: A History of the California Institute of Technology|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|location=New York|year=1991|pages=64–75|chapter=The Birth of Caltech|isbn=0-393-03017-2}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Through the National Research Council, Hale simultaneously lobbied for science to play a larger role in national affairs, and for Throop to play a national role in science. The new funds were designated for physics research, and ultimately lead to the establishment of the Norman Bridge Laboratory, which attracted experimental [[physics|physicist]] [[Robert Andrews Millikan]] from the [[University of Chicago]] in 1917.<ref name="bridge lab">{{cite book|last=Goodstein|first=Judith R.|title=Milikan's School: A History of the California Institute of Technology|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|location=New York|year=1991|pages=71–75|chapter=The Birth of Caltech|isbn=0-393-03017-2}}</ref> During the course of the war, Hale, Noyes and Millikan worked together in Washington on the NRC. Subsequently, they continued their partnership in developing Caltech.<ref name="NRC"/>

[[File:Sloan lab.jpg|thumb|The Sloan Laboratory for Mathematics and Physics]]
Under the leadership of Hale, Noyes and Millikan (aided by the booming economy of [[Southern California]]), Caltech grew to national prominence in the 1920s and concentrated on the development of Roosevelt's "Hundredth Man". On November 29, 1921, the trustees declared it to be the express policy of the Institute to pursue scientific research of the greatest importance and at the same time "to continue to conduct thorough courses in engineering and pure science, basing the work of these courses on exceptionally strong instruction in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry; broadening and enriching the curriculum by a liberal amount of instruction in such subjects as English, history, and economics; and vitalizing all the work of the Institute by the infusion in generous measure of the spirit of research."<ref name="Caltech Catalog"/> In 1923, Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]. In 1925, the school established a department of geology and hired [[William Bennett Munro]], then chairman of the division of History, Government, and Economics at [[Harvard University]], to create a division of [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]] at Caltech. In 1928, a division of [[biology]] was established under the leadership of [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]], the most distinguished biologist in the United States at the time, and discoverer of the role of genes and the [[chromosome]] in heredity. In 1930, [[Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory]] was established in Corona del Mar under the care of Professor [[George MacGinitie]]. In 1926, a graduate school of [[aeronautics]] was created, which eventually attracted [[Theodore von Kármán]]. Kármán later helped create the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and played an integral part in establishing Caltech as one of the world's centers for [[rocket|rocket science]]. In 1928, construction of the [[Palomar Observatory]] began.

Millikan served as "Chairman of the Executive Council" (effectively Caltech's president) from 1921 to 1945, and his influence was such that the Institute was occasionally referred to as "Millikan's School." Millikan initiated a visiting-scholars program soon after joining Caltech. Scientists who accepted his invitation include luminaries such as [[Paul Dirac]], [[Erwin Schrödinger]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Hendrik Lorentz]] and [[Niels Bohr]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/goodstein/ |title=History of Caltech |publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate=June 18, 2010}}</ref> [[Albert Einstein]] arrived on the Caltech campus for the first time in 1931 to polish up his [[Theory of General Relativity]], and he returned to Caltech subsequently as a visiting professor in 1932 and 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.caltech.edu/about/fastfacts.html |title=Fast Facts about Caltech History |publisher=The Caltech Archives |accessdate=March 8, 2011}}</ref>

During World War II, Caltech was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="caltech-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/125/01/OH_Acosta.pdf |title=Oral History – Allen J. Acosta |publisher=[[Pasadena, California]]: California Institute of Technology|accessdate=September 29, 2011 |date=April–May, 1994}}</ref>  The [[United States Navy]] also maintained a naval training school for [[aeronautical engineering]], resident inspectors of ordnance and naval material, and a liaison officer to the [[National Defense Research Committee]] on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/USN-Act/CA.html|title=U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State|publisher=Patrick Clancey|accessdate=March 19, 2012}}</ref>

===Post-war growth===
[[File:Beckman Institute Reflection.jpg|thumb|Beckman Institute|left]]
In the 1950s–1970s, Caltech was the home of [[Murray Gell-Mann]] and [[Richard Feynman]], whose work was central to the establishment of the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics. Feynman was also widely known outside the physics community as an exceptional teacher and colorful, unconventional character.

During [[Lee A. DuBridge]]'s tenure as Caltech's president (1946–1969), Caltech's faculty doubled and the campus tripled in size. DuBridge, unlike his predecessors, welcomed [[federal funding]] of science. New research fields flourished, including [[chemical biology]], [[planetary science]], [[nuclear astrophysics]], and [[geochemistry]]. A 200-inch telescope was dedicated on nearby Palomar Mountain in 1948 and remained the world's most powerful optical telescope for over forty years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/hale.html |title=The 200-inch Hale Telescope |publisher=Caltech Astronomy |accessdate=September 26, 2010}}</ref>

Caltech opened its doors to female undergraduates during the presidency of [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]] in 1970, and they made up 14% of the entering class.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/aug/06/local/me-caltech6 |title=Caltech chemistry improves |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=August 12, 2010 | first=Larry | last=Gordon | date=August 6, 2007}}</ref> The fraction of female undergraduates has been increasing since then.<ref name="at a glance"/>

Caltech undergraduates have historically been so apathetic to politics that there has been only one organized student protest in January 1968 outside the Burbank studios of [[NBC]], in response to rumors that NBC was to cancel [[Star Trek]]. In 1973, the students from [[Dabney House]] protested a presidential visit with a sign on the library bearing the simple phrase "[[Watergate scandal|Impeach Nixon]]". The following week, Ross McCollum, president of the [[National Oil Company]], wrote an open letter to Dabney House stating that in light of their actions he had decided not to donate one million dollars to Caltech. The Dabney family, being Republicans, disowned Dabney House after hearing of the prank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pandora.caltech.edu/~antognini/tunnels.pdf |title=Caltech's Underground History |publisher=Joe Antognini |accessdate=August 12, 2010}}</ref>

===Recent history===
[[File:Annenberg center.jpg|thumb|The new Annenberg Center for Information Science and Technology]]
Since 2000, the [[Einstein Papers Project]] has been located at Caltech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.einstein.caltech.edu/papers.html |title=Collected Papers of Albert Einstein |accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref> The project was established in 1986 to assemble, preserve, translate, and publish papers selected from the literary estate of Albert Einstein and from other collections.

In fall 2008, the freshman class was 42% female, a record for Caltech's undergraduate enrollment.<ref name="at a glance"/> In the same year, the Institute concluded a six-year long fund-raising campaign. The campaign raised more than $1.4 billion from about 16,000 donors. Nearly half of the funds went into the support of Caltech programs and projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://one.caltech.edu/homepage/campaign_brochure.pdf |title=Campaign Summary |accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref>

In 2010, Caltech, in partnership with [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] and headed by Professor [[Nathan Lewis]], established a [[United States Department of Energy|DOE]] [[United_States_Department_of_Energy#Energy_Innovation_Hubs|Energy Innovation Hub]] aimed at developing revolutionary methods to generate fuels directly from sunlight. This hub, the [[Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis]], will receive up to $122 million in federal funding over five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solarfuelshub.org/ |title=Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis |accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref>

A [[TEDx]] was organized in 2011, called TEDxCaltech. The theme of the event was ''Feynman's Vision: The Next 50 Years''. The speakers included Caltech faculty and students, as well as external professors and entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tedxcaltech.com/about/ |title=About TEDxCaltech |accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref>

== Campus ==
{{See also|List of California Institute of Technology buildings and facilities}}

[[File:The Millikan Library.jpg|thumb|left|The Millikan Library, the tallest building on campus]]
Caltech's {{convert|124|acre|ha|adj=on}} primary campus is located in [[Pasadena, California]], approximately {{convert|11|mi|km}} northeast of [[Downtown Los Angeles|downtown]] Los Angeles. It is within walking distance of [[Old Town Pasadena]] and the [[Playhouse District, Pasadena, California|Pasadena Playhouse District]] and therefore the two locations are frequent getaways for Caltech students.

In 1917 Hale hired architect [[Bertram Goodhue]] to produce a master plan for the {{convert|22|acre|ha}} campus. Goodhue conceived the overall layout of the campus and designed the physics building, Dabney Hall, and several other structures, in which he sought to be consistent with the local climate, the character of the school, and Hale's educational philosophy. Goodhue's designs for Caltech were also influenced by the traditional [[Architecture of the California Missions|Spanish mission architecture]] of Southern California.

In 1971 a [[1971 San Fernando earthquake|magnitude-6.6 earthquake]] in [[San Fernando, California|San Fernando]] caused some damage to the Caltech campus. Engineers who evaluated the damage found that two historic buildings dating from the early days of the Institute&nbsp;— Throop Hall and the Goodhue-designed Culbertson Auditorium&nbsp;— had cracked. These were some of the first [[reinforced concrete]] buildings, and their plans did not contain enough details (such as how much [[rebar|reinforcing bar]] had been embedded in the concrete) to be sure they were safe, so the engineers recommended demolition. However, demolishing these historic structures required considerably more effort than would have been necessary had they been in real danger of collapse. A large [[wrecking ball]] was used to demolish Throop Hall, and smashing the concrete revealed massive amounts of rebar, far in excess of safety requirements. The rebar had to be cut up before the pieces could be hauled away, and the process took much longer than expected.

New additions to the campus include the Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics and the [[Walter Annenberg|Walter]] and [[Leonore Annenberg]] Center for Information Science and Technology, which opened in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/education-training/students-student-life/12035174-1.html |title=Quantum leap: Caltech facility combines astronomy, astrophysics |publisher=[[AllBusiness]]|date=January 26, 2009 |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=37963 |title=Walter and Leonore Annenberg Center for Information Science and Technology |publisher=Caltech |date=August 10, 2009 |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref> and the Warren and Katherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering followed in March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=42903 |title=Caltech Cuts the Ribbon on Schlinger Laboratory |publisher=Caltech |date=March 9, 2010 |accessdate=July 7, 2010}}</ref> The Institute also concluded an upgrading of the [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#The_South_Houses|south houses]] in 2006. In late 2010, Caltech completed a 1.3 MW [[solar array]] projected to produce approximately 1.6 GWh in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101021006356/en/Perpetual-Energy-Systems-Activates-1.1-MW-Solar |title=Perpetual Energy Systems Activates 1.1 MW Solar Energy System at California Institute of Technology |publisher=Business Wire |date=October 21, 2010 |accessdate=October 22, 2010}}</ref>

== Organization and administration ==
{{See also|List of California Institute of Technology trustees}}
[[Image:Norman Bridge Lab Interior.jpg|thumb|The Bridge Laboratory of Physics]]The mission statement of Caltech reads: 

<blockquote>
''The mission of the California Institute of Technology is to expand human knowledge and benefit society through research integrated with education. We investigate the most challenging, fundamental problems in science and technology in a singularly collegial, interdisciplinary atmosphere, while educating outstanding students to become creative members of society.''<ref name="at a glance"/>
</blockquote>

Caltech is incorporated as a non-profit corporation and is governed by a privately appointed 46-member [[board of trustees]] who serve five year terms of office and retire at the age of 72.<ref name="incorporation"/><ref name="bylaws"/> [[List of California Institute of Technology trustees|The current board]] is chaired by [[Kent Kresa]], former chairman and CEO of [[Northrup Grumman]] and former chairman of [[General Motors]].<ref name="officers">{{cite web|url=http://bot.caltech.edu/Officers |title=Officers of the Corporation Trustees |publisher=Board of Trustees, California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 29, 2010 |date=June 12, 2009}}</ref> The Trustees elect a President to serve as the chief executive officer of the Institute and administer the affairs on the Institute on behalf of the board, a Provost who serves as the chief academic officer of the Institute below the President, and ten other vice presidential and other senior positions.<ref name="bylaws">{{cite web|url=http://bot.caltech.edu/bylaws |title=Bylaws |publisher=Board of Trustees, California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 29, 2010 |date=June 12, 2009}}</ref> Former [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]] provost [[Jean-Lou Chameau]] became the eighth president of Caltech on September 1, 2006, replacing [[David Baltimore]] who had served since 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://president.caltech.edu/ |title=Dr. Jean-Lou Chameau, President |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 29, 2010}}</ref> Dr. Chameau's compensation for 2008–2009 totaled $799,472.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/premium/stats/990/private/private.php?keyword=california+institute+of+technology&Search_Type=institution |title=Executive Compensation |publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education |accessdate=March 8, 2011 |year=2010}}</ref> [[Edward M. Stolper]] is the Institute's ninth provost and is responsible for academic budget, faculty appointments and promotions, and coordinates curriculum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://provost.caltech.edu/index.html |title=Office of the Provost |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 29, 2009}}</ref> Caltech's $1.77&nbsp;billion endowment is governed by a permanent Trustee committee and administered by an Investment Office.<ref name="endowment"/>

[[File:Kerckhoff Laboratory of the Biological Sciences.jpg|thumb|The Kerckhoff Laboratory of the Biological Sciences]]The Institute is organized into six primary academic divisions: Biology, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Applied Science, Geological and Planetary Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, and Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy. The voting faculty of Caltech include all professors, instructors, research associates and fellows, and the University Librarian. Faculty are responsible for establishing admission requirements, academic standards, and curricula. The Faculty Board is the faculty's representative body and consists of 18 elected faculty representatives as well as other senior administration officials. Full-time professors are expected to teach classes, conduct research, advise students, and perform administrative work such as serving on committees.<ref name="faculty handbook"/>

The [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) is a [[federally funded research and development center]] (FFRDC) owned by [[NASA]] and operated as a division of Caltech through a contract between NASA and Caltech. In 2008, JPL spent over $1.6&nbsp;billion on research and development and employed over 5,000 project-related and support employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/annualreport/2008-report.pdf |title=2008 Annual Report |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref> The JPL Director also serves as a Caltech Vice President and is responsible to the President of the Institute for the management of the Laboratory.<ref name="officers"/>

== Academics ==
{{Infobox US university ranking
| ARWU_W = 6
| ARWU_N = 5
| Forbes = 13
| THES_W = 1
| QS_W = 12
| USNWR_NU = 5
| Wamo_NU = 69
}}

Caltech is a small four-year, highly residential research university with a slight majority in graduate programs.<ref name="carnegie">{{cite web|url=http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/lookup_listings/view_institution.php?unit_id=110404 |title=Carnegie Classifications – California Institute of Technology |publisher=[[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] |accessdate=May 29, 2010}}</ref> The Institute has been accredited by the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]] since 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://accreditation.caltech.edu/ |title=Accreditation |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 29, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://registration.wascsenior.org/institutions/affiliation.aspx?accessID=15 |title=Statement of Accreditation Status – California Institute of Technology |publisher=Western Association of Schools and Colleges |accessdate=May 29, 2009 |date=April 2010}}</ref> Caltech is on the [[academic term|quarter system]]:<ref name="cds"/> the fall term starts in late September and ends before Christmas, the second term starts after New Years Day and ends in mid-March, and the third term starts in late March or early April and ends in early June.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.caltech.edu/calendar/index?type=terms&small_month=2010-05-30&team=&calendar_start_date.month=9&calendar_start_date.day=1&calendar_start_date.year=2010&calendar_end_date.month=7&calendar_end_date.day=1&calendar_end_date.year=2011 |title=Caltech Today Calendary |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref>

Caltech was ranked 1st internationally in 2011 by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-2012/top-400.html |title=Times Higher Education World University Rankings|year=2011 |publisher=Times Higher Education |accessdate=January 21, 2012}}</ref> Caltech was ranked as the best university in the world in two categories: Engineering & Technology and Physical Sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-2012/engineering-and-it.html |title=Times Higher Education World University Rankings – Top 50 Engineering and Technology Universities|year=2011 |publisher=[[Times Higher Education]] |accessdate=January 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-2012/physical-sciences.html |title=Times Higher Education World University Rankings – Top 50 Physical Sciences Universities|year=2011 |publisher=Times Higher Education |accessdate=January 21, 2012}}</ref> It was also found to have the highest faculty citation rate in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010/indicator-rankings/citations-per-faculty |title=QS World University Rankings 2010 – Citations per Faculty |year=2010 |publisher=QS World Universities |accessdate=September 9, 2010}}</ref>

Shanghai Jiao Tong University's ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'', a ranking with an emphasis on bibliometric data and scientific research, ranked Caltech 6th in the world and 5th in the U.S. for 2011. Caltech was also found to have the highest score for per-capita performance in that ranking.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2010.jsp |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities |year=2011 |publisher=Shanghai Jiaotong University |accessdate=January 21, 2012}}</ref>

''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Caltech as the 5th best university in the United States in their 2012 national college rankings, together with [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |title=Top National Universities |year=2012 |publisher=U.S. News and World Report |accessdate=September 13, 2011}}</ref> According to the ''U.S. News & World Report's'' Best Graduate Schools 2011 ranking, "California Institute of Technology headlines the new rankings, with top billing in three categories: chemistry, earth sciences and physics."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/best-graduate-schools/2010/04/15/ivy-league-schools-dominate-americas-best-graduate-school-rankings.html |title=Best Graduate Schools |year=2011 |publisher=U.S. News and World Report |accessdate=July 22, 2010}}</ref>

The [[United States National Research Council]] released its latest ''Assessment of Research Doctorate Programs'' in 2010, and 23 of the 24 graduate programs of Caltech were ranked within the top four programs in the nation in their size quartile as determined by both the R95 and S95 rankings. Of particular note, programs that were placed within the top 10% of all size programs in that field based on an average of the R95 and S95 rank order include Aeronautics, Astrophysics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Bioengineering, Biology, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Science and Engineering, Geology, Geophysics, Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Planetary Science, and Social Science (Economics).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.gradoffice.caltech.edu/about/NASranking |title=Caltech NAS Rankings |year=2010 |publisher=Caltech Graduate Studies Office |accessdate=October 15, 2010}}</ref>

=== Undergraduate program ===
[[File:Arms Laboratory.JPG|thumb|Hallway of Arms Laboratory|left]]The full time, four year undergraduate program emphasizes instruction in the arts and sciences and has high graduate coexistence.<ref name="carnegie"/> Caltech offers 24 majors (called "options") and six minors across all six academic divisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://admissions.caltech.edu/learning/options |title=Caltech Undergraduate Admissions: Options of Study |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref> Caltech also offers interdisciplinary programs in Applied Physics, Biochemistry, Bioengineering, Computation and Neural Systems, Control and Dynamical Systems, Environmental Science and Engineering, Geobiology and Astrobiology, Geochemistry, and Planetary Astronomy. The most popular options are Chemical Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Physics.<ref name="Office of the Registrar Newsletter">{{cite web |url= http://www.registrar.caltech.edu/newsletter%20FA%202010-11.htm |title=Office of the Registrar Newsletter |year=2010 |publisher=Caltech Office of the Registrar |accessdate=December 15, 2010}}</ref>

Caltech requires students to take a core curriculum of 30 classes: five terms of mathematics, five terms of physics, two terms of chemistry, one term of biology, a freshman elective "menu" course, two terms of introductory lab courses, 2 terms of science writing, and 12 terms of humanities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admissions.caltech.edu/learning/core |title=Caltech Undergraduate Admissions: Core Curriculum |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref> A typical class is worth 9 academic units and given the extensive core curriculum requirements in addition to individual options' degree requirements, students need to take an average of 40.5 units per term (more than four classes) in order to graduate in four years. 36 units is the minimum full-time load, 48 units is considered a heavy load, and registrations above 54 units require an overload petition.<ref name="fah">{{cite web|format=PDF |url=http://www.deans.caltech.edu/PDF/FAHOct09.pdf |title=Information for Freshman Advisors, 2009–2010 |date=October 2009 |last1=Hall |first1=John D. |last2=Green |first2=Barbara C. |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref> Approximately 20 percent of students double-major.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admissions.caltech.edu/faqs |title=Caltech Undergraduate Admissions: FAQ |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=June 1, 2010}}</ref> This is achievable since the humanities and social sciences majors have been designed to be done in conjunction with a science major. Although choosing two options in the same division is discouraged, it is still possible.

First year students are enrolled in first-term classes based upon results of placement exams in math, physics, chemistry, and writing and take all classes in their first two terms on a Pass/Fail basis.<ref name="fah"/> There is little competition; collaboration on [[homework]] is encouraged and the Honor System encourages take-home tests and flexible homework schedules.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admissions.caltech.edu/techers/honorcode |title=Caltech Undergraduate Admissions: Honor Code |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=June 1, 2010}}</ref> Caltech offers co-operative programs with other schools, such as the Pasadena [[Art Center College of Design]] and [[Occidental College]].

Undergraduate tuition for the 2011–2012 school year was $36,387 and total annual costs were estimated to be $54,090.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://admissions.caltech.edu/affording/costs |title=Caltech Undergraduate Admissions: Costs |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref> In 2010–2011, Caltech awarded $14.2 million in need-based aid, $940k in non-need-based aid, and $2.35 million in self-help support to every enrolled undergraduate student. The average financial aid package of all students eligible for need-based aid was $34,928 and students graduated with an average debt of $9,561.<ref name="cds"/>

Upon graduation, Caltech alumni have the highest median starting salary among graduates of other colleges or universities in 2010–2011, of $69,900, according to [[PayScale]]. The mid-career median pay is $120,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payscale.com/best-colleges/top-us-colleges-graduate-salary-statistics.asp |title=Top US Colleges – Graduate Salary Statistics |publisher=PayScale |accessdate=November 27, 2010}}</ref> Caltech was found to offer the highest return of investment of college education, at $1,713,000 over a 30-year period, according to the same study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payscale.com/education/average-cost-for-college-ROI |title=Colleges Worth Your Investment – Full List |publisher=PayScale |accessdate=April 9, 2011}}</ref>

Caltech offers Army and Air Force [[ROTC]] in cooperation with the [[University of Southern California]].<ref name="cds"/>

===Graduate program===
[[File:SchlingerLabChemE.jpg|thumb|The new Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering]]
The graduate instructional programs emphasize doctoral studies and are dominated by science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields.<ref name="carnegie"/> The Institute offers graduate degree programs for the Master of Science, Engineer's Degree, Doctor of Philosophy, BS/MS and MD/PhD, with the majority of students in the PhD program.<ref name="carnegie"/> The most popular options are Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Electrical Engineering and Chemical Engineering.<ref name="Office of the Registrar Newsletter"/> Applicants for graduate studies are required to take the [[Graduate Record Examination|GRE]]. GRE Subject scores are either required or strongly recommended.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gradoffice.caltech.edu/documents/11-2011-12_appinstructions_required_tests.pdf |title=Application Instructions – Required Tests |publisher=Caltech |accessdate=October 25, 2010}}</ref>

The research facilities at Caltech are available to graduate students, but there are opportunities for students to work in facilities of other universities, research centers as well as private industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gradoffice.caltech.edu/research |title=Research Facilities |publisher=Caltech |accessdate=October 25, 2010}}</ref> The graduate student to faculty ratio is 4:1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gradoffice.caltech.edu/facultyandstaff |title=Faculty |publisher=Caltech |accessdate=October 25, 2010}}</ref>

Approximately 99% of doctoral students have full financial support. Financial support for graduate students comes in the form of fellowships, research assistantships, teaching assistantships or a combination of fellowship and assistantship support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gradoffice.caltech.edu/financialsupport |title=Financial Support |publisher=Caltech |accessdate=October 25, 2010}}</ref>

Graduate students are bound by the Honor Code, as are the undergraduates, and the Graduate Review Board oversees any violations of the code.

== Research ==
[[Image:Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics ( Caltech).jpg|thumb|right|The Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics]]Caltech was elected to the [[Association of American Universities]] in 1934 and remains a research university with "very high" research activity, primarily in [[STEM fields]].<ref name="aau"/><ref name="carnegie"/> Caltech manages research expenditures of $270 million annually,<ref>Funding for Caltech does not include NASA's funding for JPL.</ref> 66th among all universities in the U.S. and 17th among private institutions without medical schools for 2008.<ref name="nsf expenditures">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10311/pdf/tab27.pdf |format=PDF |title=R&D expenditures at universities and colleges, ranked by FY 2008 R&D expenditures: FY 2001–08 |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=May 29, 2010 |date=April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10311/pdf/tab35.pdf |title=R&D expenditures at all universities and colleges without a medical school, ranked by all R&D expenditures, by source of funds: FY 2008 |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=May 29, 2010 |date=April 2010}}</ref> The largest federal agencies contributing to research are [[NASA]], [[National Science Foundation]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]], [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], and [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10311/pdf/tab70.pdf |title=Federally financed R&D expenditures at universities and colleges reporting federal agency detail, ranked by all federal R&D expenditures, by federal agency:FY 2008 |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=May 29, 2010 |date=April 2010}}</ref> Caltech received $144 million in federal funding for the physical sciences, $40.8 million for the life sciences, $33.5 million for engineering, $14.4 million for environmental sciences, $7.16 million for computer sciences, and $1.97 million for mathematical sciences in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10311/pdf/tab71.pdf |title=Federally financed R&D expenditures at universities and colleges reporting federal agency detail, ranked by all federal R&D expenditures, by science and engineering field: FY 2008 |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=May 29, 2010 |date=April 2010}}</ref> 

The Institute was awarded an all-time high funding of $357 million in 2009.<ref name="annual report">{{cite web|url=http://annual-report.caltech.edu/Financials|title=Annual Report 2008-2009|date=April 2010|work=California Institute of Technology|accessdate=May 28, 2010}}</ref> Active funding from the [[National Science Foundation]] Directorate of Mathematical and Physical Science (MPS) for Caltech stands at $343 million as of 2011, the highest for any educational institution in the nation, and higher than the total funds allocated to any state except California and New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nsf.gov/awards/award_visualization.jsp?org=MPS#showAwardDollars=true |title=Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) Active Awards |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref>

In 2005, Caltech had {{convert|739000|sqft|m2|-2}} dedicated to research: {{convert|330000|sqft|m2|-2}} to physical sciences, {{convert|163000|sqft|m2|-2}} to engineering, and {{convert|160000|sqft|m2|-2}} to biological sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07325/pdf/tab12.pdf |title=Science and engineering research space in academic institutions, by state, control, institution, and field: FY 2005 |format=PDF |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=May 29, 2010 |year=2005}}</ref>

In addition to managing JPL, Caltech also operates the [[Palomar Observatory]] in [[San Diego County]], the [[Owens Valley Radio Observatory]] in [[Bishop, California]], the [[Caltech Submillimeter Observatory|Submillimeter Observatory]] and [[W. M. Keck Observatory]] at the [[Mauna Kea Observatory]], the [[LIGO|Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory]] at [[Livingston, Louisiana]] and [[Richland, Washington]], and [[Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory]] in [[Corona del Mar, California]].<ref name="faculty handbook">{{cite web|url=http://provost.caltech.edu/faculty_handbook.html |title=Faculty Handbook |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref> The Institute launched the Kavli Nanoscience Institute at Caltech in 2006,<ref name="Kavli Nanoscience Institute (website)">{{cite web|url=http://kni.caltech.edu/|title=Kavli Nanoscience Institute (website) |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref> the [[Keck Institute for Space Studies]] in 2008, and is also the current home for the [[Einstein Papers Project]]. The Spitzer Science Center (SSC), part of the [[Infrared Processing and Analysis Center]] located on the Caltech campus, is the data analysis and community support center for [[NASA]]'s [[Spitzer Space Telescope]].

Undergraduates at Caltech are also encouraged to participate in research. About 80% of the class of 2010 did research through the annual [http://surf.caltech.edu/ Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships (SURF)] program at least once during their stay, and many continued during the school year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surf.caltech.edu/history/SURFAR2010.pdf |title=SURF Annual Report 2010 |publisher=Caltech |accessdate=March 8, 2011}}</ref> Students write and submit SURF proposals for research projects in collaboration with professors, and about 70 percent of applicants are awarded SURFs. The program is open to both Caltech and non-Caltech undergraduate students. It serves as preparation for graduate school and helps to explain why Caltech has the highest percentage of alumni who go on to receive a PhD of all the major universities.<ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf08311/?govDel=USNSF_178http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2Finfbrief%2Fnsf08311%2F%3FgovDel%3DUSNSF_178#tab2 Baccalaureate Origins of S&E Doctorate Recipients]</ref>

The licensing and transferring of technology to the commercial sector is managed by the Office of [[Technology Transfer]] (OTT). OTT protects and manages the intellectual property developed by faculty members, students, other researchers, and JPL technologists. Caltech receives more invention disclosures per faculty member than any other university in the nation.<ref>[http://www.ott.caltech.edu/ Caltech Office of Technology Transfer]</ref> As of 2008, 1891 patents were granted to Caltech researchers since 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/univ/org_gr/all_univ_ag.htm |title=U.S. Colleges and Universities- Utility Patent Grants, Calendar Years 1969–2008 |publisher=U.S. Patent and Trademark Office |accessdate=January 31, 2011}}</ref>

== Student life ==
[[File:WalkwayOutsidePowell.jpg|thumb|Walkway from the main residential houses]]

=== House system ===
{{Main|House System at the California Institute of Technology}}

During the early 20th century, a Caltech committee visited several universities and decided to transform the undergraduate housing system from regular [[fraternities and sororities|fraternities]] to a [[residential college|house system]]. Four south houses (or ''hovses'') were built: [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Blacker_House|Blacker House]], [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Dabney_House|Dabney House]], [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Fleming_House|Fleming House]] and [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Ricketts_House|Ricketts House]]. In the 1960s, three north houses were built: [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Lloyd_House|Lloyd House]], [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Page_House|Page House]], and [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Ruddock_House|Ruddock House]], and during the 1990s, [[House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology#Avery_House|Avery House]]. The four south houses closed for renovation in 2005 and reopened in 2006. All first year students live in the house system and 95% of undergraduates remain in it.<ref name="cds"/><ref name="houses">{{cite web|url=http://admissions.caltech.edu/living/houses |title=Caltech Undergraduate Admissions: The Houses |publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref>

=== Athletics ===
Caltech has athletic teams in baseball, men's and women's basketball, cross country, fencing, men's soccer, swimming and diving, men's and women's tennis, track and field, women's volleyball, and men's and women's water polo.<ref>[http://www.athletics.caltech.edu/ Caltech Athletics]. Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> Caltech's mascot is the Beaver, and its teams (with the exception of the fencing team) play in the [[Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]], which Caltech co-founded in 1915.<ref>[http://www.thesciac.org/information/about/index Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]. R etrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> The fencing team<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athletics.caltech.edu/sports/fencing/fencing.html |title=Caltech Athletics&nbsp;— Fencing Team |publisher=Athletics.caltech.edu |accessdate=October 13, 2009}}</ref> competes in the [[NCAA]]'s [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]], facing teams from [[University of Southern California|USC]], [[UCLA]], [[UCSD]], and [[Stanford]], among others.
[[Image:Beaver logo NEW.jpg|thumb|right|The Caltech Beavers]]

On January 6, 2007, the Beavers' men's basketball team snapped a 207-game losing streak to Division III schools, beating [[Bard College]] 81–52. It was their first Division III victory since 1996.<ref>{{Cite news
  | last = Associated Press
  | author-link =
  | title = Caltech crushes Bard College to end 207-game slide
  | publisher = [[ESPN]]
  | date = January 7, 2007
  | url = http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/news/story?id=2723039
  | accessdate =November 19, 2007}}</ref>
Until their win over Occidental on February 22, 2011<ref>{{cite news|last=Branch|first=John|title=Caltech Scores First Conference Victory Since 1985|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/24/sports/ncaabasketball/24caltech.html|accessdate=February 23, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 23, 2011}}</ref> the team had not won a game in [[Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference|conference]] play since 1985. Ryan Elmquist's free throw with 3.3 seconds in regulation gave the Beavers the victory.<ref>{{cite news | first = John | last = Branch | title = Sky-High SATs, but the Team's at Rock Bottom | date = December 15, 2010 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/sports/ncaabasketball/16caltech.html |work=The New York Times | accessdate =December 17, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athletics.caltech.edu/ |title=Caltech Athletics |publisher=Athletics.caltech.edu |accessdate=October 13, 2009}}</ref> The documentary film ''[[Quantum Hoops]]'' concerns the events of the Beavers' 2005–06 season.

On January 13, 2007, the Caltech women's basketball team snapped a 50-game losing streak, defeating the [[Claremont Colleges|Pomona–Pitzer]] Sagehens 55–53. The women's program, which entered the [[Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference|SCIAC]] in 2002, garnered their first conference win. On the bench as honorary coach for the evening was [[Robert Grubbs|Dr. Robert Grubbs]], 2005 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Pomona-Pitzer College vs Caltech (01–13–07 at Caltech Braun Center)
  | date = January 13, 2007
  | url = http://www.physical-education.pomona.edu/womens/basketball/stats/2007/pom-cit.htm
  | accessdate =November 19, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071223110708/http://www.physical-education.pomona.edu/womens/basketball/stats/2007/pom-cit.htm  |archivedate = December 23, 2007}}</ref> The team went on to beat Whittier College on February 10, for its second SCIAC win, and placed its first member on the All Conference team.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = 2007 Women's Basketball All-SCIAC Awards
  | date = March 7, 2007
  | url = http://www.thesciac.org/sports/wbkb/2006-07/news/wbb_allsciac_0607
  | accessdate =November 19, 2007 }}</ref> The 2006–2007 season is the most successful season in the history of the program.

On October 22, 2008, the soccer team snapped a 201-game losing streak with a last-second goal against Cal Lutheran University, 1–0.

In 2007, 2008, and 2009, the women's table tennis team (a club team) competed in nationals. The women's [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] club team, known as "Snatch", has also been very successful in recent years, ranking 44 of over 200 college teams in the Ultimate Player's Association.<ref>[http://upa.org/scores/scores.cgi?page=22&div=34 College Women's Top UPA Rankings], Ultimate Player's Association. Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref>

=== Performing and Visual Arts ===
The Caltech/[[Occidental College]] Orchestra is a full seventy-piece orchestra composed of students, faculty, and staff at Caltech and nearby Occidental College. The orchestra gives three pairs of concerts annually, at both Caltech and Occidental College. There are also two Caltech Jazz Bands and a Concert Band. For vocal music, Caltech has Men's and Women's [[Glee Club]]s. The theater program at Caltech is known as TACIT, or Theater Arts at the California Institute of Technology. There are two to three plays organized by TACIT per year, and they were involved in the production of the [[PHD_Comics#Piled_Higher_and_Deeper:_the_Movie|PHD Movie]], released in 2011.

=== Student life traditions ===
[[Image:Beckman auditorium, Caltech.jpg|thumb|The Beckman Auditorium]]

==== Annual events ====
Every [[Halloween]], Dabney House conducts the infamous "Millikan pumpkin-drop experiment" from the top of Millikan Library, the highest point on campus. According to tradition, a claim was once made that the shattering of a pumpkin frozen in [[liquid nitrogen]] and dropped from a sufficient height would produce a [[triboluminescence|triboluminescent]] spark. This yearly event involves a crowd of observers, who try to spot the elusive spark. The title of the event is an oblique reference to the famous [[oil-drop experiment|Millikan oil-drop experiment]] which measured ''e'', the [[elementary charge|elemental unit of electrical charge]].

On [http://pr.caltech.edu:16080/events/ditchday/2010/ Ditch Day], the seniors ditch school, leaving behind elaborately designed tasks and traps at the doors of their rooms to prevent underclassmen from entering. Over the years this has evolved to the point where many seniors spend months designing mechanical, electrical, and software obstacles to confound the underclassmen. Each group of seniors designs a "stack" to be solved by a handful of underclassmen. The faculty have been drawn into the event as well, and cancel all classes on Ditch Day so the underclassmen can participate in what has become a highlight of the academic year. In 2012, Ditch Day fell on May 24.

Another long-standing tradition is the playing of Wagner's ''[[Ride of the Valkyries]]'' at 7:00 each morning during finals week with the largest, loudest speakers available. The playing of that piece is not allowed at any other time (except if one happens to be listening to the entire 15 hours of ''[[The Ring Cycle]]''), and any offender is dragged into the showers to be drenched in cold water fully dressed. The playing of the ''Ride'' is such a strong tradition that the music was used during [[Apollo 17]] to awaken Astronaut [[Harrison Schmitt]], a Caltech alumnus. Unfortunately, the tradition arose at different times in different Houses, so Schmitt did not react as expected. Instead, he just became confused.

==== Pranks ====
[[File:Fleming cannon firing.jpg|thumb|Fleming Cannon]]

Caltech students have been known for the many [[Student prank|prank]]s (also known as "RFs").

The two most famous in recent history are the changing of the [[Hollywood Sign]] to read "Caltech", by judiciously covering up certain parts of the letters, and the changing of the scoreboard to read Caltech 38, MIT 9 during the [[1984 Rose Bowl|1984 Rose Bowl Game]]. But the most famous of all occurred during the [[1961 Rose Bowl|1961 Rose Bowl Game]], where Caltech students altered the flip-cards that were raised by the stadium attendees to display "Caltech", and several other "unintended" messages. This event is now referred to as the [[Great Rose Bowl Hoax]].

In 2005, a group of Caltech students pulled a string of pranks during MIT's Campus Preview Weekend for admitted students. These include covering up the word Massachusetts in the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" engraving on the main building façade with a banner so that it read "That Other Institute of Technology". A group of [[Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT hackers]] responded by altering the banner so that the inscription read "The Only Institute of Technology." Caltech students also passed out T-shirts to MIT's incoming freshman class that had MIT written on the front and "... because not everyone can go to Caltech" along with an image of a palm tree on the back.

MIT retaliated in April 2006, when students posing as the Howe & Ser (Howitzer) Moving Company stole the 130-year-old, 1.7-ton Fleming House cannon and moved it to their campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts for their 2006 Campus Preview Weekend, repeating a similar prank performed by nearby [[Harvey Mudd College]] in 1986. Thirty members of Fleming House traveled to MIT and reclaimed their cannon on April 10, 2006.

On April 13, 2007 (Friday the 13th), a group of students from ''The California Tech'', Caltech's campus newspaper, arrived and distributed [http://tech.caltech.edu/TECH/mit/index.html fake copies] of ''The Tech'', MIT's campus newspaper, while prospective students were visiting for their Campus Preview Weekend. Articles included "MIT Invents the Interweb," "Architects Deem Campus 'Unfortunate'," and "Infinite Corridor Not Actually Infinite."

In recent years, pranking has been officially encouraged by Tom Mannion, Caltech's Assistant VP for Student Affairs and Campus Life. "The grand old days of pranking have gone away at Caltech, and that's what we are trying to bring back," reported the ''Boston Globe'', which noted that "security has orders not to intervene in a prank unless officers get Mannion's approval beforehand."<ref>{{cite news
 |title = Comedy on campus: MIT takes on Caltech for prank distinction
 |work = The Boston Globe
 |date = April 19, 2006
|url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/04/19/comedy_on_campus_mit_takes_on_caltech_for_prank_distinction/
|accessdate =November 19, 2007 }}</ref>

Caltech pranks have been documented in three [http://www.legendsofcaltech.com/ Legends of Caltech] books, the most recent of which was edited by alumni Autumn Looijen '99 and Mason A. Porter '98 and published in May 2007.

In December 2009, some Caltech students declared that MIT had been sold and had become the Caltech East campus. A "sold" banner was hung on front of the MIT dome building and a "Welcome to Caltech East: School of the Humanities" banner over the Massachusetts Avenue Entrance. Newspapers and t-shirts were distributed, and door labels and fliers in the infinite corridor were put up in accordance with the "curriculum change."<ref>[http://east.caltech.edu/ Caltech Opens Humanities School at MIT Campus], December 6, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/ci_13939751 Citybeats: Future Tournament of Roses chief vows even better parades], ''Pasadena Star-News'', December 6, 2009</ref>

In September 2010, MIT students attempted to put a [[TARDIS]], the time machine from the BBC's [[Doctor Who]], onto a roof. Caught in midact, the prank was aborted. In January 2011, Caltech students in conjunction with MIT students helped put the TARDIS on top of Baxter.<ref>[http://features.caltech.edu/features/97 What's (Literally) Up with the TARDIS?], Caltech Features, January 6, 2011</ref> Caltech students then moved the TARDIS to [[UC Berkeley]]<ref name="Alessondra Springmann, PCWorld">[http://www.pcworld.com/article/219292/dr_whos_tardis_lands_at_mit_caltech_and_berkeley.html Dr. Who's TARDIS Lands at MIT, Caltech, and Berkeley], by Alessondra Springmann, [[PC World (magazine)|PCWorld]], February 10, 2011</ref> and [[Stanford]].<ref>[http://hacks.mit.edu/by_year/2010/tardis/ TARDIS on building 7, great dome, and beyond], ''IHTFP Hack Gallery'', April 25, 2011</ref>

In December 2011, Caltech students went to New York and pulled a prank on Manhattan's [[Greenwich Village]]. The prank involved making [[Alamo (sculpture)|The Cube]] sculpture look like the [[Valve Corporation]] Weighted Companion Cube from the video game ''[[Portal (video game)|Portal]]''.<ref>http://kotaku.com/5867982/california-pulls-portal-prank-on-new-york</ref>

==== Honor Code ====
[[Image:Throop Memorial Pond.jpg|thumb|Throop Memorial Pond]]

Life in the Caltech community is governed by the [[Honor Code]], which simply states: "No member of the Caltech community shall take unfair advantage of any other member of the Caltech community." This is enforced by a Board of Control, which consists of undergraduate students,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://donut.caltech.edu/about/boc/ug_handbook.php |title=The Honor System Handbook from the Board of Control at Caltech.edu |publisher=Donut.caltech.edu |accessdate=October 13, 2009}}</ref> and by a similar body at the graduate level, called the Graduate Review Board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~grb/ |title=Graduate Review Board at Caltech.edu |publisher=Its.caltech.edu |date=June 10, 2009 |accessdate=October 13, 2009}}</ref>

The Honor Code aims at promoting an atmosphere of respect and trust that allows Caltech students to enjoy privileges that make for a more relaxed atmosphere. For example, the Honor Code allows professors to make the majority of exams as take-home, allowing students to take them on their own schedule and in their preferred environment.

Through the late 1990s, the only exception to the Honor Code, implemented earlier in the decade in response to changes in federal regulations, concerned the sexual harassment policy. Today, there are myriad exceptions to the Honor Code in the form of new institute policies such as the Fire Policy, and Alcohol Policy. Though both policies are presented in the Honor Code Handbook given to new members of the Caltech Community, some undergraduates regard them as a slight against the Honor Code and the implicit trust and respect it represents within the community.<ref>{{cite news
  | last =Rodriguez
  | first =Juan
  | title =Ricketts Pres. Apologizes
  | page = 5
  | publisher = The California Tech
  | date = February 24, 2003}}</ref>

==People==
{{Main|List of California Institute of Technology people}}

As of 2010, Caltech has 31 [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureates]] to its name. This figure includes 17 alumni, 14 non-alumni professors, and 4 professors who are also alumni ([[Carl D. Anderson]], [[Linus Pauling]], [[William A. Fowler]], and [[Edward B. Lewis]]). The number of awards is 32, because Pauling received prizes in both [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] and [[Nobel Prize in Peace|Peace]]. With fewer than 25,000 alumni in total, more than one in 1,400 have received the Nobel Prize&nbsp;— a ratio unmatched by any other university. Seven faculty and alumni have received a [[Crafoord Prize]] from the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]], while 56 have been awarded the U.S. [[National Medal of Science]], and 10 have received the [[National Medal of Technology]].<ref name="at a glance"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display?story%5fid=47485 |title=Yariv Awarded National Medal of Science |date=October 2010 |publisher=Caltech Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprizeinmathematics2012andthecrafoordprizeinastronomy2012.5.6018c17913483dc064280001363.html |title=The Crafoord Prizes in Mathematics and Astronomy 2012 |date=Jan 2012}}</ref> One alumnus, [[Stanislav Smirnov]], won the [[Fields Medal]] in 2010. Other distinguished researchers have been affiliated with Caltech as postdoctoral scholars (for example, [[Barbara McClintock]], [[James D. Watson]] and [[Sheldon Glashow]]) or visiting professors (for example, [[Albert Einstein]], [[Stephen Hawking]] and [[Edward Witten]]).

===Students===
{| style="text-align:center; float: right; font-size:85%; margin-left: 2em;" align="center" class="wikitable"
|+ ''Demographics of Caltech student body''<ref name="enrollment"/><ref name="cds">{{cite web|url=http://finance.caltech.edu/budget/cds2011%20FINAL%204_28_11.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2010–2011 |publisher=Office of Budget & Planning, California Institute of Technology |accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref>
! !! Undergraduate !! Graduate
|-
! [[Caucasian American]]
| 35% || 43%
|-
! Asian American
| 39% || 11%
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|Underrepresented minority]]
| 11% || 6%
|-
! [[International student|Other/International]]
| 12% || 39%
|}
Caltech enrolled 978 undergraduate students and 1253 graduate students for the 2011–2012 school year. Women made up 39% of the undergraduate and 28% of the graduate student body.<ref name="enrollment"/> 68% of non-international freshmen are from out of state. Caltech received 5,225 applications for the Class of 2015: 667 were admitted (12.8%) and 244 of them enrolled. The [[interquartile range]] for first year students' [[SAT]] scores was 2200 to 2340. 99% of students were ranked in the top tenth of their high school graduating class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admissions.caltech.edu/applying/profile |title=2011 Incoming Class Profile  |publisher=Caltech |accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref>

The four-year graduation rate is 80.7% and the six-year rate is 90.3%,<ref name="cds"/> which is low compared to most leading U.S. universities,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/highest-grad-rate |title=Best Colleges: Highest graduation rates |journal=US News & World Report |accessdate=May 28, 2010}}</ref> but substantially higher than it was in the 1960s and 70s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842975-2,00.html |title=Universities: Caltech & M.I.T.: Rivalry Between the Best |journal=[[Time (magazine)|]]  |accessdate=May 28, 2010 | date=November 4, 1966}}</ref> Students majoring in [[STEM fields]] traditionally have graduation rates below 70%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heri.ucla.edu/nih/HERI_ResearchBrief_OL_2010_STEM.pdf |title=Degrees of Success: Bachelor's Degree Completion Rates among Initial STEM Majors |date=January 2010 |publisher=Higher Education Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref>

===Faculty and staff===
[[File:Broad center.jpg|thumb|Broad Center for Biological Sciences]]
[[Richard Feynman]] was perhaps the most well-known physicist to be associated with Caltech, having published the ''[[Feynman Lectures on Physics]]'', an undergraduate physics text, and a few other popular science texts such as ''[[Six_Easy_Pieces#Six_Easy_Pieces_.281994.29|Six Easy Pieces]]'' for the general audience. The promotion of physics made him a public figure of science, although his Nobel-winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] was already very established in the scientific community. [[Murray Gell-Mann]], a Nobel-winning physicist, introduced a classification of [[hadrons]] and went on to postulate the existence of [[quarks]], which is currently accepted as part of the [[Standard Model]]. [[Linus Pauling]] pioneered [[quantum chemistry]] and [[molecular biology]], and he went on to solve for the nature of the chemical bond in 1939. Seismologist [[Charles Richter]], also an alumnus, developed the magnitude scale that bears his name, the [[Richter scale]] for measuring the power of earthquakes. In engineering, [[Theodore von Kármán]] made many key advances in aerodynamics, notably his work on [[supersonic]] and [[hypersonic]] airflow characterization. A repeating pattern of swirling [[vortices]] is named after him, the [[von Kármán vortex street]]. More recently, [[Michael E. Brown|Michael Brown]], a professor of planetary astronomy, discovered many [[trans-Neptunian object]]s, most notably the [[dwarf planet]] [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]], which prompted the [[International Astronomical Union]] to redefine the term "[[planet]]".

[[David Baltimore]], the Robert A. Millikan Professor of Biology, and [[Alice S. Huang|Alice Huang]], Senior Faculty Associate in Biology, have served as the President of [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] from 2007–2008 and 2010–2011 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.aaas.org/people/plist.php?type=President |title=AAAS Presidents |publisher=AAAS |year=2011 |accessdate=January 12, 2011}}</ref>

33 percent of the faculty are members of the [[National Academy of Science]] or [[National Academy of Engineering|Engineering]] and/or fellows of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. This is the highest percentage of any faculty in the country with the exception of the graduate institution [[Rockefeller University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admissions.caltech.edu/learning/faculty |title=Faculty |publisher=Caltech |year=2010 |accessdate=January 2, 2011}}</ref>

The average salary for assistant professors at Caltech is $111,300, associate professors $121,300, and full professors $172,800.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/article/faculty-salaries-data-2012/131431#id=110404 |title=AAUP Faculty Salary Survey |publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education |year=2012 |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref> Caltech faculty are highly productive in the fields of applied physics, astronomy and astrophysics, biology, biochemistry, biological engineering, chemical engineering, computer science, geology, mechanical engineering and physics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/stats/productivity/page.php?year=2007&institution=226&byinst=Go |title=Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index – California Institute of Technology |publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education |year=2007 |accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref>

===Alumni===
[[Image:Caltech from the air.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Caltech in [[Pasadena, California]].]]
17 alumni and 14 non-alumni faculty have won the Nobel Prize. The [[Turing Award]], the "Nobel Prize of Computer Science", has been awarded to six alumni, and one has won the [[Fields Medal]].<ref name="science_now">{{cite news|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/08/fields-medals-other-top-math-pri.html|title=Fields Medals, Other Top Math Prizes, Awarded|last=Cipra|first=Barry|date=August 19, 2010|work=Science Now|publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|accessdate=August 19, 2010}}</ref>

Alumni have participated in scientific research. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] [[Carl D. Anderson]] (BS 1927, PhD 1930) proved the existence of [[positron]]s and [[muon]]s, Nobel laureate [[Edwin McMillan]] (BS 1928, MS 1929) synthesized the first [[transuranium element]], Nobel laureate [[Leo James Rainwater]] (BS 1939) investigated the non-spherical shapes of atomic nuclei, and Nobel laureate [[Douglas D. Osheroff]] (BS 1967) studied the [[superfluid]] nature of [[helium-3]]. [[Donald Knuth]] (PhD 1963), the "father" of the [[analysis of algorithms]], wrote ''[[The Art of Computer Programming]]'' and created the [[TeX]] computer typesetting system, which is commonly used in the scientific community.

Other alumni have turned their gaze to the universe. [[C. Gordon Fullerton]] (BS 1957, MS 1958) piloted the third [[space shuttle]] mission and orbited the earth in [[Skylab]]. Astronaut (and later, [[United States Senator]]) [[Harrison Schmitt]] (BS 1957) was the only geologist to have ever walked on the surface of the moon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/About/AstroHistory/schmitt.html|title=USGS Astrogeology: Astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] – Astrogeology Program|author=Deborah Lee Soltesz}}</ref> Astronomer [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker]] (BS 1947, MS 1948) co-discovered [[Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9]] (a comet which crashed into the planet [[Jupiter]]) and was the first person buried on the moon (by having his ashes crashed into the moon).<ref>"In 1998, Celestis, at the request of NASA, provided a Luna Flight Capsule to the family and friends of the late legendary astronomer and planetary geologist Eugene Shoemaker. The Celestis Flight Capsule, containing a symbolic portion of Shoemaker's cremated remains, was attached to NASA's Lunar Prospector spacecraft and launched on a one-year mission orbiting the moon. On July 31, 1999, at the completion of Lunar Prospector's mission, the spacecraft was intentionally crashed into the moon's south pole, making Shoemaker the first human to be laid to rest on another celestial body. NASA called the memorial "a special honor for a special human being.""{{cite web|publisher=[[Space.com]]|url=http://www.space.com/news/080328-moon-burial.html|title=Fly Me to the Moon...Forever|date=March 28, 2008|author=Clara Moskowitz}}</ref>

Undergraduate alumni founded, or co-founded, companies such as [[LCD]] manufacturer Varitronix,<ref>[[York Liao]] (BS 1967){{cite web|url=http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/archive/AlumniAlbum3_97/|title=Caltech Alumni Album Profiles  '50s, '60s, '70s and '80s – York Liao '67|date=1997 (Vol. 31, No. 2, 1997) |author=Caltech News|publisher=California Institute of Technology}}</ref> [[Hotmail]],<ref>[[Sabeer Bhatia]], BS 1991{{cite web|url=http://media.caltech.edu/press_releases/13166|title=SURFing the Waves of Success for 30 Years|date=July 18, 2008|author=Caltech Media Relations|publisher=California Institute of Technology}}</ref> [[Compaq]],<ref>Benjamin Rosen, BS 1954{{cite web|url=http://alumni.caltech.edu/distinguished_alumni/search_results?search_text=Benjamin+Rosen|title=Distinguished Alumni Award – Benjamin M. Rosen|author=Caltech Alumni Association|publisher=Caltech Alumni Association}}</ref> and [[MathWorks]] (which created [[Matlab]]),<ref>[[Cleve Moler]], BS 1961 {{cite web|url=http://www.siam.org/about/news-siam.php?id=171|title=Cleve Moler Elected Next SIAM President|date=December 16, 2005|publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]}}</ref> while graduate students founded, or co-founded, companies such as [[Intel]],<ref>[[Gordon Moore]], PhD 1954{{cite web|url=http://alumni.caltech.edu/distinguished_alumni/search_results?search_text=Gordon+Moore|title=Distinguished Alumni Award – Gordon E. Moore|author=Caltech Alumni Association|publisher=Caltech Alumni Association}}</ref> [[TRW]],<ref>[[Simon Ramo]], PhD 1936 {{cite web|url=http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=42622|title=The Singular Si Ramo|date=February 24, 2010|author=Caltech Public Relations|publisher=Caltech Today (via California Institute of Technology)}}</ref> and the non-profit educational organization, the [[Exploratorium]].<ref>[[Frank Oppenheimer]], PhD 1939 {{cite web|url=http://alumni.caltech.edu/distinguished_alumni/search_results?search_text=Frank+Oppenheimer|title=Frank Oppenheimer|author=Caltech Alumni Association|publisher=Caltech Alumni Association}}</ref>

[[Arnold Orville Beckman|Arnold Beckman]] (PhD 1928) invented the [[pH meter]] and commecialized it with the founding of [[Beckman Instruments]]. His success with that company enabled him to provide seed funding for [[William Shockley]] (BS 1932), who had co-invented [[semiconductor]] [[transistor]]s and wanted to commercialize them. Because his aging mother was living in [[Palo Alto, California]] at the time, Shockley decided to establish his laboratory near her<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edn.com/article/CA6279562.html|title=The Ten Most Influential Executives|author=Bill Roberts|date=November 1, 2005|publisher=[[EDN (magazine)|EDN]]}}</ref> in 1955, in neighboring [[Mountain View, California]],<ref name="Shockley_byNobelPrizeFoundation1956"/> and thus, Shockley became the founding Director of the [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]] division of Beckman Instruments.<ref name="Shockley_byNobelPrizeFoundation1956">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org//nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/shockley-bio.html|publisher=The Nobel Prize Committee (official site)|title=William B. Shockley – Biography|author=The Nobel Foundation|year=1956}}</ref> Shockley was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956, but his aggressive management style and odd personality<ref>"How he was miserable is more complicated than even I could get into a hundred thousand word book. There was something wrong with him. What was wrong with him, we don't really know. He was at best paranoid. He was probably obsessive-compulsive. The manuscript of the book has been shown to about six or seven psychotherapist, and I asked them for a diagnosis, and they came back with six or seven different diagnoses." {{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5573656|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|title=Electronics Pioneer William Shockley's Legacy|date=July 21, 2006|author=[[Ira Flatow]] (interview) with journalist Joel Shurkin}}</ref> at the Shockley Lab became unbearable.<ref>"Shockley, whose role as coinventor of the transistor would win him a share of the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics, succeeded in luring a diverse group of accomplished scientists, including Moore, to the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, in Palo Alto, California. He then proceeded to antagonize and alienate enough of them to inspire an exodus."{{cite web|title=Calibrating Gordon Moore|author=Hillary Bhaskaran|publisher=Caltech News|date=2002 (from Volume 36, Number 2)|url=http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/caltechnews/articles/v36/moore.html}}</ref> In late 1957, eight of his researchers, known now as the "[[traitorous eight]]" (or "[[Fairchildren]]"), resigned and joined [[Sherman Fairchild|Fairchild Camera and Instruments]] nearby to form a semiconductor division. Among the "traitorous eight" was [[Gordon E. Moore]] (PhD 1954), who later left Fairchild to co-found [[Intel]]. Other offspring companies of Fairchild Semiconductor include [[National Semiconductor]] and [[Advanced Micro Devices]], which in turn spawned more technology companies in the area. Shockley's decision to use [[silicon]] – instead of [[germanium]] – as the [[semiconductor]] material, coupled with the abundance of silicon semiconductor related companies in the area, gave rise to the term "[[Silicon Valley]]"<ref>"Joel Shurnkin: ...He decided he was going to be the first entrepreneur of the electronic age, and indeed he was. With backing from a man named [[Arnold O. Beckman|Arnold Beckman]], he founded Shockley Semiconductor in Palo Alto and he was going to build – at least at first he was going to build silicon transistors. It was his decision that they use [[silicon]] as opposed to [[germanium]], otherwise we'd be talking about Germanium Valley out there instead of Silicon Valley. (Soundbite of laughter) "{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5573656|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|title=Electronics Pioneer William Shockley's Legacy – Transcript|date=July 21, 2006|author=[[Ira Flatow]] (interview) with journalist Joel Shurkin}}</ref> to describe that geographic region surrounding Palo Alto.

Caltech alumni also held public offices, with [[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]] (PhD 1984) being the Deputy Prime Minister of [[Libya]], with [[James C. Fletcher|James Fletcher]] (PhD 1948) being the 4th and 7th [[Administrator of NASA]], [[Steven E. Koonin|Steven Koonin]] (PhD 1972) being the [[Under Secretary of Energy for Science|Undersecretary of Energy for Science]] and [[Regina E. Dugan|Regina Dugan]] (PhD 1993) being the director of [[DARPA]].

<gallery>
Image: Carl anderson.1937.jpg|Nobel laureate [[Carl David Anderson]], BS 1927, PhD 1930, discoverer of the [[positron]] and the [[muon]]
Image: Douglas Osheroff.jpg|Nobel laureate [[Douglas D. Osheroff]],  BS 1967
Image: William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg|Nobel laureate [[William Shockley]], BS 1932, co-inventor of the [[Solid state (electronics)|solid state]] [[transistor]], father of [[Silicon Valley]]
Image: Edwin_McMillan_Nobel.jpg|Nobel laureate [[Edwin McMillan]], BS 1928, MS 1929
Image: VernonSmith2.jpg|Nobel laureate [[Vernon L. Smith|Vernon Smith]], BS 1949
Image: Fernando Corbato.jpg|Turing Award laureate [[Fernando J. Corbató]], BS 1950
Image: John McCarthy Stanford.jpg|Turing Award laureate [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]], BS 1948, inventor of the [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] programming language
Image: Gordon Fullerton 1989.jpg|Astronaut [[C. Gordon Fullerton]], BS 1957, MS 1958
Image: Harrison H. Schmitt.jpg|Astronaut and [[United States Senator]] [[Harrison Schmitt]], BS 1957; the only geologist to have walked on the moon
Image: Dr Mustafa Abushagur.JPG|Libyan Deputy Prime Minister [[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]], PhD 1984
Image: Gordon Moore.jpg|[[Gordon Moore]], PhD 1954, co-founder of [[Intel]]
Image: Carver Mead at CHM Apr-2005.jpg|[[National Medal of Technology]] laureate [[Carver Mead]], BS 1956, MS 1957, PhD 1960
image: Benoit Mandelbrot mg 1804b.jpg|[[Benoît Mandelbrot]], MS 1948, Engineering 1949, father of [[fractal geometry]], namesake of the [[Mandelbrot set]]
Image: Frank Capra.JPG|[[Frank Capra]], BS Chemical Engineering 1918 (when Caltech was known as the "Throop Institute");<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alumni.caltech.edu/distinguished_alumni/search_results?search_text=Frank+Capra|title=Distinguished Alumni Award – Frank Capra|publisher=California Institute of Technology}}</ref> winner of six [[Academy Awards]] in directing and producing; producer and director of ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]''
Image: Kip Thorne at Caltech.jpg|[[Kip Thorne]], BS 1962, known for his prolific contributions in gravitation physics and astrophysics and co-founding of [[LIGO]]
Image: Stephen Wolfram PR.jpg|[[Stephen Wolfram]], PhD 1979, creator of [[Mathematica]] and [[Wolfram Alpha]]; one of the first [[MacArthur Fellows]] in 1981
Image: Stanislav Smirnov.jpg|[[Stanislav Smirnov]], PhD 1996, 2010 [[Fields Medal]] winner for his work on the mathematical foundations of [[statistical physics]], particularly finite lattice models
</gallery>

=== Presidents ===
*[[James Augustin Brown Scherer]] (1908–1920) (president of Throop College of Technology before the name change)
*[[Robert A. Millikan]] (1921–1945), experimental physicist, Nobel laureate in physics for 1923 (his official title was "Chairman of the Executive Council")
*[[Lee A. DuBridge]] (1946–1969), experimental physicist (first to officially hold the title of President)
*[[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]] (1969–1977), physicist and public servant (left Caltech to serve as [[United States Secretary of Defense]] in the administration of [[Jimmy Carter]])
*[[Robert F. Christy]] (1977–1978), astrophysicist (acting President)
*[[Marvin L. Goldberger]] (1978–1987), theoretical physicist
*[[Thomas E. Everhart]] (1987–1997), experimental physicist
*[[David Baltimore]] (1997–2006), molecular biologist, Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine for 1975
*[[Jean-Lou Chameau]] (2006–present), civil engineer and educational administrator

== In media and popular culture ==
Please don't list every single TV show/movie Caltech is mentioned on or appears in. This is not meant to be a comprehensive list! Unless you have an example that is much, much, much better than those already here, don't insert it.
Caltech has appeared in several works of popular culture, both as itself and in disguised form. [[MIT in popular culture|As with MIT]], a Caltech reference is often used to establish a character's high level of intelligence or a technical background. For example, on television, the four male lead characters of the sitcom ''[[The Big Bang Theory (TV series)|The Big Bang Theory]]'' are all employed at the Institute. Caltech is also the inspiration, and frequent film location, for the California Institute of Science of ''[[Numb3rs]]''.<ref name="realgenius">[http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~erich/real_genius_refs.html Caltech References in "Real Genius"]. Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> On film, the Pacific Tech of ''[[The War of the Worlds (1953 film)|The War of the Worlds]]''<ref name="cowan">Cowan, Douglas E. "[http://www.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol11no1/CowanWarWorlds.htm Intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic: Science, Religion, and ''The War of the Worlds'']." ''Journal of Religion and Film'', Vol. 11, No.April  1,  1 2007.</ref> and ''[[Real Genius]]''<ref name="realgenius"/> is based on Caltech.
In nonfiction, two 2007 documentaries examine aspects of Caltech; ''Curious'', its researchers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thirteen.org/curious/ |title="CURIOUS" from Thirteen/WNET |publisher=[[WNET|Thirteen.org]] |accessdate=October 13, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://mr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR13040.html "Documentary Focuses on Caltech Researchers"] Caltech Press Release,October   1 2007</ref> and ''Quantum Hoops'', its men's basketball team.

Given its Los Angeles-area location, the grounds of the Institute are often host to short scenes in movies and television. The [[Athenaeum at Caltech|Athenaeum dining club]] appears in the [[Beverly Hills Cop (film series)|''Beverly Hills Cop'' series]], ''[[The X-Files (film)|The X-Files]]'', ''[[True Romance]]'', and ''[[The West Wing]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/bevhills.html |title=Film locations for Beverly Hills Cop |publisher=Movie-locations.com |accessdate=October 13, 2009}}</ref> Other examples include ''[[Legally Blonde]]'', ''[[The Wedding Planner]]'', ''[[Greek (TV series)|Greek]]'', ''[[The O.C.]]'', ''[[Entourage (TV series)|Entourage]]'' and ''[[Mission Impossible]]''. Caltech also appears in the motion picture ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'', where the main character's father is an alumnus.
-->
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== Сыртқы сілттемелер ==
{{Commons category|California Institute of Technology|Caltech}}
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*[http://nobelprize.org/medicine/articles/goodstein/ History of Caltech] (Нобель сыйлығы вебсайтында)

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